--- PAGE 1 --- NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATlo-1 ROUTING SLIP Action MAIL CODE NAME Approval Call Me Concurrence file Information Investigate and Advise ____.l ,Nmote and Forward I Note and R_e_hl_rn___ _ _ __jL ,P;;,• ,-;R;:e::q::-u•=s�I::::.::_ ___ _ Per Teleph one Conversation R..e,.c,ommendation _ __J__: _ See·Me Signature Circulate and DesIroy (fL J 1 'I, h'.C.9-- � TEL. NO · (or ,ode) & EXT. NASA FORM 26 APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED --- PAGE 2 --- Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM June 1, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are: extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic report. Enclosure: MOR No. 913-65-04 Change 1 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY --- PAGE 3 --- M-913-65-04 ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission: 1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in­ flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects. 2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one­ man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without a spacecraft tether on future missions. 3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This activity wilI provide valuable early information and maneuvering procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle have been instaIled on the booster second stage for this test. The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The first two orbits wilI be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity. This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii, at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft untiI McDivitt gives him a release command. Upon command, White wiII push off slowly and reorient himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo­ graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension Island on the start of the third orbit. Shortly ofter passing Ascension, McDivitt wilI maneuver ahead of the booster with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft 6/1/65 Page 1 --- PAGE 4 --- M-913-65-04 will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence. The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew will measure elevation angles of the booster and wil I initiate rendezvous maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle a bove the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the star background and with respect to the spacecraft inertia l platform display , the crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the lateral component of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure. The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit. After the rendezvous operation is complete, the spacecraft will again separate from the booster - this time using a maneuver which will place the Gemini spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetime of four days. The EVA suit is the new G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used so successfully by the GT-3 flight crew. The G4C suit has the following new features: a. Helmet - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visual, thermal, impact, and micrometeorite protection. b. Torso - 1. Change to Nomex (HT-1) 11 Linknet 11 in restraint layer for increased structure I strength. 2. Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closure. 3. Incorporation of redesigned ventilation inlet and outlet fittings with automatic locking and redundant sealing features. 4. Replace Nomex (HT-1) coverlayer with integrated thermal and mi crometeori ty cover layer. c. Gloves - Incorporate new design with increased mobility, abrasion resistance and thermal protection. d. Bio-connector - Self-alighment, pin protective design. 6/1/65 Page 2 --- PAGE 5 --- M-913-65-04 Figure 1 depicts the principal physical differences between the old G3C suit and the new EVA G4C suit. Figure 2 shows that with one visor down on the new G4C helmet, there is practi ca I ly no attenutation of Ii ght entering, whereas Figure 3 shows that with two of the visors down there is a noticeable difference in the amount of light that enters the astronaut's eyes. FIG. With the third visor down, there would be a similar decrease in the amount of I ight al lowed to enter the helmet. The multivarious layers of materials used in the EVA G4C suits are delineated in Figure 4. It should G-4C be noted that the old OVER VISOR G3C suit consisted SPACE only of the pressure HELMET and restraint layers of Figure 4 with the HT -1 nylon outer protective layer. The EVA spacesuit has received the following qualifi­ cation tests: 6/1/65 Page 3 --- PAGE 6 --- • M-913-65-04 G-4C OVERVISOR SPACE HELMET FIG. 3 G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT THERMAL AND PRESSURE AND MICROMETEOROID RESTRAINT HH NYLON OUITR LAYERS LAYERS ~6~~ T~~~~~} ~~~;:) USE: WEAR AND SOLAR REFLECTANCE COTTON CONSTANT "[AR ~Ng~~;:r~~m OXFORD NYLOt-i COf.JORT LAY.R 11 oz,vo 2 swu PRCSSURE LAYER _ _ _ _ NEOPRE~E COATEO NYLON 11-1·2ozvo21 r----- RESTRAINT lAVlR UM( NH DACRON Al.;Q HflO~ 7 LAYERS ALUMIN IZEO u-J 4 oz vo 21 MYLAR SEPARATED BY 7 LAYCAS UNWOVEN DACRON SPACERS HH NYLON INNER MICROr,,'tn OROID STOPPER LAYERS !EACH 6. 8 OZ/YD 2 WH IT[ I US E: WEAR ANO MICR0~,1£TEO ROI D PRO TE CT ION FIG. 4 6/1/65 Page 4 --- PAGE 7 --- M-913-65-04 a. Leakage b. Proof pressure c. 02 compatibility d. Ejection envelope e. Cold temperature f. Rapid decompression g. Life cycling h. Visor testing Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con­ sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving. It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA. The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography. FIG. 5 6/1/65 Page 5 --- PAGE 8 --- Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM May 24, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after 3 June 1965. This wi 11 be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days. The nominal launch time is 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT). The space vehicle is to be launched on an azimuth of 72 degrees and the spacecraft wi 11 be inserted into an initial orbit of 87-161 N.M. at an orbital inclination of 32.5 degrees. The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50 minutes. The primary and backup flight crews are of the "new generation, 11 being members of the second group of astronauts. James A. McDivitt will be the command pilot and Edward H. White, II will be the pilot. Because the duration of the flight is one of the most significant aspects of their mission, the post- flight activities will involve expanded medical evaluation as compared with previous missions, including at least 24 hours aboard the recovery aircraft carrier, the USS WASP. After conducting various orbital maneuvers and the thirteen experiments during the four-day mission, the spacecraft wi 11 reenter and touchdown approximately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda for a water landing and carrier retrieval. Enclosure MOR Noo M-913-65-04 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY --- PAGE 9 --- Report No. M-913-65-04 MISSION OPERATION REPORT GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR (GT-4) OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY --- PAGE 10 --- FOREWORD MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra­ tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963 . The pur­ pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles. Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in­ formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10. Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen­ eral Management and they are not available for additiona l or general distribution . The Office of Pub Iic Affairs pub Iishes a comprehensive series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions which are available for general distribution. Pub Iishec and Distributed by OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546 --- PAGE 11 --- M-913-65-04 GENERAL Rtndczvous guidance Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second & recovery system _ _ __ _, manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and 11 Ft the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to develop long-duration and rendezvous capability, 8 Ft docking techniques, extra-vehicular activities, and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability; Separation point spacecraft structural integrity; and spacecraft Oxidizer tank systems performance and crew accommodation •Equipment bay qualities, respectively. This GT-4 mission is 27 Ft intended to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days, the longest ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle is depicted in Figure 1. Stage 11 engine thrust chamber MISSION OBJECTIVES 108 Ft PRIMARY 10 Ft • Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period exceeding four days. • Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to the space environment on the two-man Oxidizer flight crew in preparation for missions of tank longer duration. SECONDARY • Demonstrate OAMS capability to perform retro fire backup. • Demonstrate the capability of the spacecraft and flight crew to make significant in-plane and out-of-plane maneuvers. Stage I engine g1mbal point • Conduct further evaluation of spacecraft systems as outlined below: 1 . Structure and thermo I protection 2. Environmental Control Systems (ECS) •Equipment bay contains: 3. Crew stations • Batteries· 4. Guidance and Control System • Malfunction detection system IMOSI units • Range safety command control system 5. Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System • Programmer • Three-axis reference system !TARSI (OAMS) • Radio guidance system IRGSI • Autopilot • Instrumentation and telemetry system • Execute the fol Iowing experiments: • D-1, Basic Object Photography FIG. • D-6, Surface Photography • D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft • D-9, Simple Navigation • M-3, In-Flight Exercises • M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram • M-6, Bone Demineralization • MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge 5/24/65 Page 1 --- PAGE 12 --- M-913-65-04 • MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer • MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer • MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos • S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography • S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It will be the longest ever to be conducted by a two-man crew . Another highly interesting item is that control of the mission for the first time wil I be from the Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four­ day mission. Crew control of reentry will be ac~omplished by tracking the roll needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3. The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on GT-3 has the fol lowing new featu res: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate. a mission before orbital insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program . In that program, the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad, would have been large enough to ABORT PROCEDURES engulf an ejecting astronaut, so MOOE I - EJECT AfTEll SHUTDOWN it was necessary to add an escape MOOE ll - SALVO RETROS AFTER SHUTDOWN rocket to Iift the entire spacecraft MODE ID - SHUTDOWN, SE PARATE, TURN AROUND, free of the area. The GLV, on RETROFIRE the other hand, uses self-igniting fuels which, upon mixing, create a fi reba II sma II enough so that the astronauts can eject from the spacecraft in much the same man­ ner as is done in today's high performance jet aircraft. This is called the Mode I abort pro­ -□~ OEIAYEO MOOE cedure. The three abort modes n (WA IT 5 are more fully defined by the SECS ) altitude and elapsed time-after­ 15,000FT. _ _ _ _ __.__ _ _~--'<-+--~- launch parameters depicted on Figure 2. FIG . 2 ' ~' MOOE I 50 SECONDS SEA LEVEL- - - - - - - - - - - ' ' - -- - L - - ' - - 5/24/65 Page 2 --- PAGE 13 --- M-931-65-04 LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-roting an Air Force Titan II missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18 feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10 feet. The gross loaded weight of the two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting upon mixture) propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430,000 pounds at sea level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000 pounds. The various systems of the GLV have been detailed in previous Gemini MOR 1 s and what follows is additional information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T/M readout points have been removed from the GLV because they are no longer required and one range safety circuit has been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch control. This circuit will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset signals are inadvertently applied during checkout. TABLE I PROJECT COST (In Millions) FY 62 FY 63 FY 64 FY 65 FY 66 FY 67 Total Spacecraft 30.3 205. 1 280.5 165.3 122.7 19. 1 823.0 Launch Vehicle 24.4 79. 1 122.7 115.4 88.6 8.5 438.7 Operational Support 0 1 4.9 15. 7 27.7 30.8 13.0 92.2 Total RD & 0 54.8 289. 1 418.9 308.4 242. 1 40.6 1353.9 This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space­ craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment. SPACECRAFT The spacecraft is 18. 75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter section will weigh 7799 lbs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter 5/24/65 Page 3 --- PAGE 14 --- M-913-65-04 batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the 11 811 package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed. The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light can now be turned off during day I ight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section has been redesigned, and the adapter $-band transponder in the adapter section has been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine wi 11 be dumped directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler}. The main chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed. EXPERIMENTS The 13 experiments are depicted and described on the following pages: 1. D-1, Basic Object Photography In conducting this experiment, the as­ D-1 BASIC OBJECT tronauts will employ elaborate photo­ PHOTOGRAPHY optical equipment to investigate the technical problems associated with observing, evaluating, and photo­ graphing objects in space. These objects include the 2nd stage of the launch vehicle and natural celestial bodies such as the moon. Data from this experiment will be used to evaluate the astronauts' ability to view and track objects, and to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Equipment which wi 11 be used is illustrated in Figure 3. FIG. 3 5/24/65 Page 4 --- PAGE 15 --- M-913-65-04 2. D-6, Surface Photography This experiment wi 11 investigate 0-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY the technical problems associated with an astronaut's ability to acquire, track, and photograph terrestrial objects from a space­ craft with more elaborate photo­ opti ca I equipment than that used previously. The astronaut will photograph selected series of objects during day-side and night-side intervals of the flight using specified Iens-fi Im combi­ nations. The resulting data wi 11 be used to eva Iuate the astronaut's ability to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the camera mount installed on the FIG. 4 spacecraft window. 3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft D-8 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT Data from this experiment will be (PORTABLE UNIT) used to supplement external radi­ ation measurements in studying the dose levels within the space­ craft resulting from passes through regions of varying radiation intensity. Two tissue-equivalent, current-mode ionization chambers wi 11 be used to measure the variation of absorbed dose-rate inside the spacecraft. Five small packets containing radia­ tion detection and measurement devices will be placed at various locations in the cabin to ascertain their suitability as convenient dosimeters of space radiation and measure total FIG. 5 accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows some of the equipment to be used for this experiment. 5/24/65 Page 5 --- PAGE 16 --- M-913-65-04 4. D-9, Simple Navigation This experiment is designed to 0-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION develop and test navigation pro­ cedures which employ a simple stadimetric device and a sextant to make sightings and measurements in space using the horizon and stars as references. Data from sightings wi 11 be used in compu­ tations to determine orbital parameters. These results wi 11 be compared with actual parameters to determine the accuracy of the procedures. The hand held sextant to be used is shown in Figure 6. HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT MG5-8097 FIG. 6 5. M-3, In-Flight Exerciser The purpose of this experiment is to assess the astronauts' capacity M-3 IN-FLIGHT to perform physi ca I work under EXERCISER spacecraft conditions. Monitored exercise wil I be performed by the astronauts prior to the flight to establish control data. l·s otonic exercises employing a bungee cord and involving the arms and legs wi 11 be taken prior to and a.fter exercising. Pulse rate wil I be monitored continuously. The inflight data obtained wil I be compared with the control data to determine the· capacity for work in space. Figure 7 shows the manner in which this exercise wi 11 be performed. FIG. 7 5/24/65 Page 6 --- PAGE 17 --- M-913-65-04 6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram The purpose of this experiment is to measure the fatigue-stage of an astronaut's heart muscle during a M-4 IN-FLIGHT long-duration flight. A microphone PHONOCARDIOGRAM wi ll be applied to an astronaut's chest wal I at the cardiac apex. Heart sounds detected during the flight will be recorded on an on­ board biomedical recorder. The sound trace wi 11 be compared to the waveform obtained from a simultaneous infl ight electro­ cardiogram to determine the time interval between electrical PROTOTYPE PHONOCARDIOGRAM TRANSDUCER AND activation of the heart muscle SIGNAL CONDITIONER and the onset of ventricular systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the method of installation of the phono­ FIG . 8 cardiogram transducer. 7. M-6, Bone Demineralization The purpose of this experiment is to establish the occurrence GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. M·& and degree of bone demi nera Ii­ zati on resulting from prolonged BONE DEMINERALIZATION weightlessness during spaceflight. ESTABLISH DEGREE Spec ia I X-rays wi 11 be ta ken of PURPOSE OF BONE DETERIORATION an astronaut's heel bone and the terminal bone of the fifth digit EQUIPMENT STANDARD X-RAY of the right hand. Three pre­ flight and three postflight WEIGHT N/ A VOLUME N/ A exposures wi 11 be taken of these two bones and compared to PRE AND POST PROCEDURE FLIGHT x-RAY determine if any bone deminerali­ i zation has occurred due to the space flight. Figure 9 i 11 ustrates the laboratory procedure which will be used for this experiment. LOCATION N/ A " ' MG4-1886 FIG. 9 5/24/65 Page 7 --- PAGE 18 --- M-913-65-04 8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Before rendezvous missions are attempted, an investigation MSC-1 must be made of the possibility ELECTROSTATIC of inadvertent ignition of pyrotechnics and other detri- CHARGE menta I effects due to discharge of electrostatic charge potentials during rendezvous. In this experiment, an electrostatic­ potential meter, which protrudes through the wa 11 of the space- craft adapter assembly, wi 11 be used to detect and measure any accumulated electrostatic charge that may be created on the surface of the spacecraft by ionization from engine exhaust. FIG. 10 This do ta wi 11 be a no Iyzed to determine if the charge is adequate to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig­ ure 10 shows the detector instal lotion. 9. MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer This experiment is designed to measure the quantity and energy of protons and electrons present immediately exterior to the orbiting spacecraft. This wil I be MSC-2 accomplished by means of a scintillating-crystal, charged­ PROTON particle analyzer mounted on ELECTRON the adapter assembly of the spacecraft. Data from this SPECTROMETER experiment wil I be used to correlate radiation measure- ments made inside the space­ craft and to predict radiation levels on future space missions. The proton electron spectrometer instal lotion is shown in Figure 11 . FIG. 11 5/24/65 Page 8 --- PAGE 19 --- M-913-65-04 10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer In this experiment, the direction and magnitude of the earth's magnetic field with respect to the spacecraft will be measured. MSC-3 TRI-AXIS A tri-axis fluxgate magneto- meter, mounted in the adapter MAGNETOMETER assembly of the spacecraft wi 11 be used. The equipment instal lo­ tion is shown in Figure 12. FIG. 12 - 11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos MSC-10 TWO-COLOR The astronaut wil I obtain photo­ EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS graphs of the earth's limb using a hand-held camera, black and white film, and a special filter mosaic which will allow each picture to be taken partly through a red filter and partly through a blue filter. After the flight, the negative will be subjected to careful measure­ ments, and the resulting data will be used in statistical analyses to evaluate the limb radiance. These studies will MG5·8105 be used to determine if the sun-lit earth's limit can be reliably observed in the short­ FIG. 13 visible or near-ultraviolet spectral region. The camera to be used for this experiment is shown in Figure 13. 5/24/65 Page 9 --- PAGE 20 --- M-913-65-04 12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography GEMINI DPEltllfNT NO. S.5 The objective of this experi­ SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY ment is to obtain high quality photographs of selected parts PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGIAPHS of the earth's surface. The Of THI EARTH'SSUlfACf spa1.,c:craft will be manually EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND fllM oriented from an orbit mode attitude to a moderately high WEIGHT I LI. VOlUMI 0.036 CU. n. camera depression angle attitude. After a series of photographs PROCEDURE POSITION sm1mn, TAIi PICTURES has been taken, the spacecraft will be reoriented to the orbit LOCATION PRISSURIZID CAIIN mode attitude. Four spacecraft ,.,.. .:t PMOTOGUIH Of THI HIIAlAUS IN THI NIDIA, IIIPAl, 11111 IOROII AHA, THIN IT ASTRONAUT orientation maneuvers will be l. GOIDON C00,11, JI., DUIING HIS 22-01111 IA-f IIISSION. MC4· 1768 required during which approxi­ mately 40 pictures will be taken over areas of the United States. Figure 14 shows FIG. 14 one of the photos taken by Gordon Cooper which is similar to the terrain photographs planned . 13. S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography GOIN OPIIIIINT NO. S-6 The objective of this experi­ SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY ment is to learn more about the earth's weather systems by obtaining high quality photo­ PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY aoue graphs of selected cloud for­ PHOTOGIAPHS mations. As in experiment EQUIPMENT 10 11 CAMDA Me ,u S-5, the spacecraft will be oriented from an orbit mode WEIGHT I LI. YOlUMl 0.036 cu. n. attitude to a moderately high camera depression angle attitude. PROCEDURE POSITION SPACKWT Me TAIi After a series of photographs PNOTOGIAPIIS has been taken, the spacecraft lOCATION PIISSUIIZED WIN wi 11 be reoriented to the orbit mode attitude. Approximately PIIOIOGUPH Of ClOUDS AND lffl IUIIIA 11S1 COAi!. WIST Of UNOOII. TWI 1Y 10 orientation maneuvers will ASIIOIIAUI l. IOIDOII COOPII, ll, DU- HIS 22-11 IA•t IIISSIOII. MC4· I767 be required during which approximately 40 pictures will be taken. The photograph shown FIG. 15 in Figure 15 taken by Gordon Cooper is similar to those planned on this flight. 5/24/65 Page 10 --- PAGE 21 --- M-913-65-04 ASTRONAUTS The Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission will be James A. McDivitt and the Pilot will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman as Command Pilot and James A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their pictures and biographies follow: FIG. 16 FIG. 17 JAMES A. MCDIVITT Born in Chicago, Illinois on June 10, 1929. He graduated first in his class from the University of Michigan with a B. S. in aeronautical engineering. McDivitt is ma rried to the former Patricia A. Hass of Cleveland, Ohio and has three children. McDivitt joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force Major. He was awarded three Distinguished Flying Crosses, five Air Medals and the Choo Moo Medal from South Korea. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Expe rimental Test Pilot School and the United States Air Force Aerospace Research pilot course. He served at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experimental test pilot. McDivi tt has logged more than 3,000 hours flying time, including 2,500 hours in jet aircraft. McDivitt was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal I astronaut training program he has had additional specialized duties. These duties include monitoring the design and development of the guidance and navigation systems for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, as wel I as monitoring the overall Apollo Command and Service Modules. EDWARD H. WHITE II Born in San Antonio, Texas, on November 14, 1930. White received his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from 5/24/65 Page 11 --- PAGE 22 --- M-913-65-04 I ' the University of Michigan. He is married to the former Patricia E. Finegan of Washington, D.C. and has two children. White, an Air Force Major, received flight training in Florida and Texas, following his graduation from West Point. He attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in 1959. White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommen­ dations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. He has logged more than 3,600 hours flying time, including more than 2,200 hours in jet aircraft. White was named as a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in September 1962. FRANK BORMAN Born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928. He re­ ceived his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. He is married to the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson, Arizona and has two sons. Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air Force Major, chose an Air Force career and received his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, California From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter squadrons in the United States and in the Philippines and was an instructor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. He was graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots FIG. 18 School in 1960 and later served there as an instructor. In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test brief­ ings on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing. Borman has logged more than 4,400 hours flying time, including more than 3,600 hours in jet aircraft. Borman was one of the nine astronauts named by NASA in September l 962. JAMES A. LOVELL, JR. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928. He received his B. S. from the United States Naval Academy. Lovell is married to the former Merilyn Gerlach of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has three children. Love II, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received flight training following his graduation from Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval FIG. 19 5/24/65 Page 12 --- PAGE 23 --- M-913-65-04 aviator assignments including a three year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland. His duties there included service as program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was graduated from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Southern California. He served as flight instructor and safety officer with Fighter Squadron 101 at the Naval Air Station at Oceana, Virginia. Lovell has logged 3,000 hours flying time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft. Love II was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal I astronaut training program, he has been assigned special duties. These duties included monitoring design and development of recovery and crew life support systems. These include space suits, environmental control system and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery. TRAJECTORY The launch trajectory for the GT-4 mission wi 11 be similar to that flown by GT-3. ln- serti on wi 11 be at the same 811Ul altitude, 87 miles, but the first apogee of GT-4 MODE 111: SHUTDOWN will be 161 miles. The . j •SEPARATE SIC Gemini launch sequence 5:10 CHANGE -·-·- •RETRO &REBffllY is shown in Figure 20. A200.m ABORT MOOl SEflllNCE L FLIGHT PLAN T I 2:48 START RADIO GUIDANCE 2:34 BECO j. 11:SHUTDOWN SALVO RETROS ~.ET11SON RETRO T 5.5G·s •=SEOllll:E In addition to the various orbi ta I maneuvers to be U 75,000' 1:40 CHANG ABORT MOOE 1·- pe rformed during the mis­ ~ 42.000' 1:19 MAX Q IIElAYEO AQIE U:SfUTOOWN •WAIT 5SECONDS sion, as ca Iled out in 25.000' •SALVO RETim Table II, other activities •JETTISON RmO 15.000' 0:50 CHANGE ABORT····-···-· •• SECTIII will be taking place as •I.AIIN SBIIIIG MODE is shown below in Table 2500' Q:23 START PITCH 111, a summarization of the Flight Plan. The 2000· Q:20 STOP ROLL 012• l:EJECT ~l consumable items loaded onboard the spacecraft Q:10 START ROLL oas· are shown in Table IV. 0 :OO LIFT OFF- - ...-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _... 50 RANG -NAUTICAL MIES • - FIG. 20 • Page 13 5/24/65 --- PAGE 24 --- MANEUVER HP/HA TRANSLA- ~v AFTER POINT OF DIRECTION TIONAL MANEUVERS APPLICATION OF THRUST THRUSTER PURPOSE Sepa ra tion l0FPS 87/161 N.M. SECO+2- FWD AFT S/ C-Booster Separation 1 ?FPS 91/161 N.M. 2d Apogee FWD FWD Adjust lifetime {for insertion dispersions. Evaluate thruster operation. 2A 12FPS Apogee of FWD Left Ad just Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation . 30th Rev. +TSC #1 5FPS Approx. 15 min Left Right Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual afte r 2A characteristics of thruster plume . TSC #2 5FPS 5 min. a fter Down Up Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual TSC #1 c haracterist ics of th ruster plume. TSC #3 5FPS 5 min after Up Down Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual TSC #2 characteristics of thruster plume. 28 27FPS 94/ 134 N.M. Perigee AFT AFT Adjust lifetime. Evaluate 3-axis fol lowing 2A application. 3A 4FPS Apogee of FWD FWD Adjust Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. 45th Rev . 3B 6FPS 93/ 124 N.M. Perigee AFT FWD Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. s:: following -b (,J I 4 1 l0FPS 45/99 62d Rev. AFT AFT Achieve OAMS retrofire. Evaluate thruster (45/97)* {or 66th Rev. )* operation. °'I 0, *FOR PACIFIC LANDING ~ +TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM CHECK --- PAGE 25 --- M-913-65-04 TABLE Ill IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES Time Revolution Function No. EVENT CP p Dav Niaht HRS:MIN 0:12 1 Insertion Check I ist X X X 1:45 2 D-9 Experiment X X X Translation Maneuver X X 4:35 3-4 D-6 Experiment X X 7:45 5-6 MSC-1,2,3, and 10 Experiments X X M-3 Experiment X X 11:15 7-8 MSC-2 and 3 Experiments X X D-8 Experiment X X 13:05 9 D-9 Experiment X 17:05 11 D-1 Experiment X X 19:52 13-14 M-3 Experiment X 24:00 16 S-5 Experiment X 25:58 17-18 HF Communication Tests X X X 29:25 19 D-9 Experiment X X 31 :20 20 S-6 Experiment X X 31 :40 21 MSC-2 & # Experiments X X D-8 Experiment X X 33:20 22 D-8 Experiment X X S-6 Exoeriment X X 43:00 28 S-6 Experiment X S-5 Experiment X X 44:25 29 S-6 Experiment X X M-3 Experiment X 46:48 30 MSC-1 Experiment X X Translation Maneuvers X X 47:33 31 Translation Maneuvers X X Thruster Failure Check X X Power Down S/C X X X S-5 Experiment X S-6 Experiment X 52:30 33-34 M-3 Experiment X X 54:35 35 D-9 Experiment X X X MSC-2 & 3 Experiments :.<. X 56:35 36-37 S-6 Experiment X X 41 D-9 Exoeriment X )( 70:26 46 Translation Maneuvers X X M-3 Experiment X Apollo Yaw Orientation X X X X Power Down S/ C X X X 76:30 49 M-3 Experiment X X 77:20 50 D-9 Exoeriment X X )( 90:45 58 Power Down S/ C X X X 95:45 61 M-3 Experiment X X 96-35 62 Pre Retro Checklist, TR-5 Minutes X X X Checklist, TR-1 Minute Checklist 97:32 Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro X X X Checklist 97:46 63 Reentry, Drogue Chute Deploy, Pilot X X X Chute Deploy, Main Chute Deploy, Two-Point Suspension, Touchdown, Post-Landing Checklist 5/24/65 Page 15 --- PAGE 26 --- M-913-65-03 TABLE IV GT-4 CONSUMABLE LOADINGS ITEM QUANTITY REMARKS Batteries 703 Ibs. based Each battery has a on a 2400 A-h 400 A-h capacity OAMS Propel Iants Odixizer 246 lbs Fuel 164 lbs Oxygen Primary 52 lbs Egress bottle are also Secondary 13 lbs carried if ejection is required. Lithium Hydroxide 97 lbs Food lb lbs Drinking Water Spacecraft 14 lbs Adapter 61 lbs RCS Propellants O x idize r 40. 4 lbs Fuel 3l.61bs GEMINI PARACHUTE LANDING SEQUENCE LANDING SEQUENCE 50,000 FEET 21 , 000 FEET \ - HIGH ALTITUDE DROGUE CHUTE DEPLOYED t - Oft:N CABIN VfNT VALVE At the end of the mission, the parachute 10, 600 FEET - PILOT PARA.CHUTE DEPLOYED landing sequence shown in Figure 21 will 9,600 FEET - It A It SECTION be employed. One item that should be SEPARAT ION mentioned in this regard is that should the 9,000 FEET - MAINCHUTE DEPLOYMENT 84-foot main parachute fail to open, the !' crew can abandon the spacecraft by eject­ ing and using their personal parachutes to effect a safe water landing. The latter sequence would also be employed should 6,700 FEET - TWO-POINT SUSPENSION the spacecraft come in overland instead of the intended water landing. FIG. 21 1,500 FEET SEA LEVEL 1_ ~~- JffilSONCHUTf - - CABIN WA.Tflt SEAL CLOSED TOUCHDOWN ~ - 5/ 24/65 Page 16 --- PAGE 27 --- M-913-65-03 MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY The Gemini Program is managed by the Gemini Program Director who exercises his direction through the Project Manager at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The direc­ tion of a specific mission is accomplished by a Mission Director acting under the cognizance of the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight from the time a space vehicle is committed to flight test until the end of the Mission Period. TITLE NAME ORGANIZATION Program Director (Acting) Dr. G . E. Mueller NASA Headquarters Deputy Program Director Mr . W.C. Schneider NASA Headquarters Program Manager Mr . C. W. Mathews MSC Mission Director Mr. C.C. Kraft MSC PROGRAM MANAGEMENT NASA HEADQUARTERS Office of Manned Space Fliqht I PROJECT MANAGEMENT Manned Soacecraft Center I TRACKING & DATA ACQUISITION SPACECRAFT LAUNCH VEHICLE MSC MSC MSC GSFC McDonnell Aircraft Co. SSD ETR Aerospace Corporation Martin Company Aerojet General OPERATIONS ORGAN IZATION FOR MISS IO N PERIOD DOD Mgr for MISSION DIRECTOR MS F Support Staff ...__ _--.-_ _ __ _ , - - - -- - - - - ~ Operations Gemini Flight Ops Rep Gemini Requirements Program Coordinator Manager Security Officer Deputy for DO D Meteorologica l. Flight Recovery Group Operati ons Director At las/ Agena Medical Publ ic Fl ight Launch Director Affa irs Crew Director Director Director ---------------------------------- Flight Crew Medical Monitor 5/24/65 Page 17 --- PAGE 28 --- M-913-65-04 TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION The ground support network for GT-4 wi 11 be the Gemini Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) illustrated in Figure 22 and tabulated in Table V. There will be , however, some mi nor modifications to th e MSFN for the GT-4 miss ion. These changes for the GT-4 fl ight are prima rily in loca t ing the range t racking ships in positions most advantageous fo r the orbits to be flown . TABLE V - NETWORK REQ UIREMENTS FOR GT-4 Tracki ng Telemetry Fli ght A/ G Ra dar Mi strom Ac q. aid G emini la unc h Spacec ra ft Comme nd vo i ce Controll er Network vehi cl e Manned G round Sta tion Code C or oth ers as I isted Li nks PCM FM/ FN R/T D/T RSDP * DCS Tone UHF HF Sites Band re ceived Merritt Island M ILA X Cope Ken nedy/ CNV/ GE-Mod 111 - G X X Xa 3 X X X X X X X X M iss ion Contro l MCC Patri ck AFB PAFB X lr.:.""d Bahamas G BI X Xb Xo 3 Xb X Xe Xe Xe Xe Grand Turk GTI X 3 Xb X X Xe Xe Xe Xe IAnti ouo A NT X 3 Xe X X Xe Xe Xe Asce nsion Island ASC X Xe Xe Valkario Fla . VA L X Eleuthera Island ELU X Bermuda BDA X X 3 Xb X X Xe Xe Xe Conarv Is land CYI X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X Kono N iae rio KNO X 2 Xo Xe Xe Tananari ve TAN 2 Xo Xe Xe Corna rvo n CRO X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe . X Canton Is land CTN X 2 Xa Xe Xe Hawaii HAW X X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X Guovmos Mex. GYM X 3 X X X Xe Xe X Corous Christi TEX X 3 X X X X Xe Xe X Rose Knot V i ctor RKV X 3 X X X X X X X Coasta l Se ntrv CSQ X 3 X X X X X X X Rana e Tracker RTK X X 2 Xo Xe Xe Pt ArQuello, Cal CA L X X Xe Xe White Sa nd~ NM WHS X X Ea lin AFB EG L X X M SC , Houston MCC X X ITe lemetry Airc ra ft (d) NOTES: a - Record Only c - Remoted to ond from the MCC b - Remoted to MCC d - Three te lemetry aircraft i n pri mary recovery area * Remote Site Data Process (R SDP) The ground network support facilities include the MCC-Houston, Cape Kennedy (CNV), Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) downrange stations, the MSFN, and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Real time tracking and the acqui­ sition of data for post flight evaluation will be provided by optical and photo­ graphic systems, MISTRAM, GE Mod Ill radar, C-band radar, and the Impact Predictor OP) 7094. The network as listed in Table V will monitor spacecraft and launch vehicle PCM telemetry. The flight controller-manned stations, as shown in Table V will display selected spacecraft data for real-time evaluation and transmit these data to the MCC via teletype. The MCC will use both the Digital Command System (DCS) for transmitting commands. All the remote sites that are flight controller-manned, except for GYM, will have the DCS command capability. Tone commands for use by the Range Safety Officer will be used for manual fuel cutoff (MFCO), auxiliary second stage cutoff (ASCO), and Destruct. 5/24/65 Page 18 --- PAGE 29 --- -0 0 (0 (1) I \ /J I \ P ,I C / I TH I / /_ I \ / / l w I 0- <.n I 0 .i,.. FIG. 22 --- PAGE 30 --- M-913-65-04 BACKGROUND Project Gemini is the stepping stone between the comparatively simple one-man orbital flights of Project Mercury and the complexities involved in the multi-man lunar flights of Project Apollo. As such, Gemini's prime reason for being is to increase knowledge of man's capabilities in space and in developing operational techniques to support the Apollo Program. Thus, Gemini's objectives become: a. Long-duration flights - up to fourteen days b. Rendezvous and maneuver in space c. Docking with a target vehicle d. Extra-vehicular activities by the astronauts e. Control led reentry f. Operational training for al I flight personnel concerned To accomplish these objectives, a series of flights have been planned of which this GT-4 is the fourth. The first three demonstrated respectively: orbital insertion capability, spacecraft structural integrity, and crew accommodation qualities. The four-day manned flight will further demonstrate manned space flight capabilities for the support of future missions of even longer duration. The remaining eight Gemini flights, all of which will be manned by two astronauts, are tabulated in Table VI ' with type of missson and approximate date of flight: TABLE VI Mission No. Mission Objectives Date GT-5 Seven-day flight with experiments* Latter 1965 GTA-6 Radar rendezvous and docking Early 1966 GT-7 14-day Extra-vehicular activities Early 1966 GTA-8 Optical rendezvous and docking Early 1966 GTA-9 Simultaneous countdown and Mid 1966 rendezvous GTA-10 Direct rendezvous Mid 1966 GTA-11 Apollo-LEM rendezvous simulation Late 1966 GTA-12 Apollo-LEM abort simulation Early 1967 *Includes rendezvous evaluation pod The planned end-of-the-mission touchdown point is in the Atlantic Ocean approxi­ mately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda as is shown in Figure 23. This is the primary landing area. The GT-4 mission employs a zone concept for recovery which estab­ lishes four recovery zones: East Atlantic, West Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid­ Pacific. Each zone consists of a circular area with a radius of 240 nautical miles in which various ships and planes will be stationed. An aircraft carrier will be sta­ tioned only in the primary landing area as ii lustrated in the recovery forces diagram 5/24/65 Page 20 --- PAGE 31 --- M-913-65-04 GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES, RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES ;J \) DO 00 30" ~ 00 HICKAM 0 00 00 0 GUAM O" ~ PRIMARY l~ RECOVERYAREA 0 PAGO PAGO 8 REEm;~ANEA " CVS CARRI ER 30" 00 OESTROYER AO OILER 0 CO NTINGE NCY /)};; RESCUE FORC ES FIG. 23 of Figure 24. Other areas in the world along the ground tracks are called contingency landing areas. Because these contingency landing areas are world-wide, it has been necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescuemen, and paramedics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in sufficient time to render aid to the downed astronauts. These contingency forces have been deployed to the bases shown in Figure 23 . It should be noted that there are numerous types of aircraft in the launch area and primary RECOVERY AREA FORCES landing area for telemetry, weather reconnaissance, aerial ARS AIRCRAF T PRIMARY RECOV ERY ZONE photography, and recovery (480 MILES N DIAM ETER ) operations. In addition to these aircraft there are also several helicopters in the pri­ mary recovery area from the aircraft carrier that are carry­ LANDING FOOTPRINT (ELLIPSE - 200 MILES BY ing swimmers. These swimmers 40 MILES) deploy into the water and attach an auxiliary flotation collar to the spacecraft. Launc USS WASP AND ONE DESTROYE R area recovery forces are de­ AT TOUCHDOWN POINT 3 WASP HELICOPTERS picted in Figure 25. 1 WASP COMMAND AIRCRAFT 1 USAF SSB RELAY AIRCRAFT ~ ARS AIRCRAFT FIG. 24 5/24/65 Page 21 --- PAGE 32 --- M-913-65-04 LAUNCH AREA RECOVERY FORCES 2 MINE LANDING FOOTPRINT USMC ( 27 MILES LONG) \ AMPHIBS USA M 113 LARK TANKS FOUR HELICOPTERS TWO PHOTO JETS FIG. 25 5/24/65 Page 22 --- PAGE 33 --- NASA ROUTING SLIP ACTION CODE NAME (if ,,,msary) APPROVAi. ,. CONCURRENCE FILE INFORMATION 2. INVESTIGATE ANO ADVISE NOTE ANO FOIIWAR0 3. NOTE ANO RETURN l'ER REQUEST RECOMMENDATION SEE ME 5. SIGNATURE REPlY fOR SIGNATURE OF, 6. 7. REMARKS: ~ - Of4-· ~ ~ ~~~-- &._. Q~u' HL ~ J)k ~ - ~ ~ 1-~t I l · J>~~P1~,~s ~A-- 'J- ~ ~ < L -~ f-i ~ o'\rv--J ~ J - ;-T;/::i, er_ lJ. 1/~ I 0ATE , NASA 'Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) u.s. GOY[RMN[NT PRINTING o,,ict ~ 196-& 0,-1571845- --- PAGE 34 --- NASA ROUTING SLIP ~ ACTION CODE NAME (if 11«mary) APPROVAi. - CONCURRENCE 1. \6 ,-,----£ FILE J • INFORMATION 2. (- i/--e_ .. INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE NOTE AND FORWARD 3. NOTE AND RETURN PU REQUEST "· IIECOMMENDA TION SEE ME 5. SIGNATURE REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF: 6. 7. REMARKS , ~~1" CT'µ:;:- I ©4;~"'1- r#- ft{ J' c_ ~ z.s-- frGJ' 4. l I . FROM: I CODE : I NAME : ~0_ I DATE : N ASA f or m 26 ( Rev. Jan. 1963) (/ C U.S. GOVI RNM ! NT P RINTI NG Off' IC[ : 19H o,-67'8 4 5 --- PAGE 35 --- EX l 3 ROUTING S L IP - NA E , I NIT I AL N. G. FOSTER R. L. cox w . A . EATON G. C . HR A B AL R . A. MO K E F. B. NEWMAN ' 0. SM IS TAD B . BROCKER ~ M. M ~ ~ FILE -=> E I A R KS \..__ ----- fLc.. ~ C,,vL() z; --- PAGE 36 --- C..y 0~ AFT~NO<#,J Se-w,o~ L how ll lg}1 tr,c air 1.i:low really was, ancl .ir1 a rnorm:11. wv "W j.ll .lrnl.i1:1d,· l1t)W in u. rrv-.1.l,L<·r- f ccr·ond.o Glenn and - tl jolJ. Nuw with tl'ic air glow t hen .Looki ng 'U/~(' 011 LL so L of ul1 , wt· ' l l . . . a band we never mean by LK't.nd ·t red. l' 1.•f't't:tly tlc~ :i. 1'.ncrl arnl J.jkc.: i n th· s lide or som thing like tlio.L. . i t :;urn l,j IIK: :; a Ji t;t;l • J'11z:1.y l,ut t:.l1i s j s U1c air glow band and thi s C rp ·11t r nnd. li_y r·ock. ·t pn.::;~i11r.; L11r-()t.1/'.h the 'L.i.r elow. TJb th·I s is t h e air glow dg on tl11tL we 1t1~v, _ h .ard ttl,rn1t Ut:Ls mot'ni.ng uli i t was u sed i n - er com1 rtion vlit}, l:h _ u:,,xtu.n) X'P'l"imc.m L.; ancl ' O on. to 1: i vc y 0 11 ::om(: idcu. ol.' wl 1c-rc; we - :;l.1t11d. in 'l id/~l1tnes s . Now 1 just wanted N w ub, before ~tr.Jwv--~ C.-lc1 111 w-:tn l.n l1;rvc· ,'.onr· ,i!'I' 1rl , 1 tl1v thD1l1'.ht W' L(.; Lo have him i r l t imaJtl some And NASA h ead- And. nil , ull , ,John Glenn w,1 :~ ; '. i v,·11 .-L 111 1.1.,-1,w , i 11l.('r· l', ·1 ·,·11cc l'i .1 l.1·1 · ve1·y slrnilar to thls t ype that was 1i:; oul: l.t1a t , l,ut, the pr.cdominate feature is j t ·i.s a ~elf J wninout: 11-y r . Now, C:.1.r:-:pe r,Lcr ha s mar. time to observe i.t . lle took t h int rfC'r:- nee filt •re• hack u p with h j m and uh , he was 1:,.bl to tim a ::; La p as'"'inf( t h row~li U1c air f~low a s the star was s etting 1..1.nd lie n ote i I_; n.rni t u Tl ·cl :Lt V y c-nre rull y . throur;h the air /'.low the u1)pt:r LI ; low r· and when :it cl .i :;app e 1u· :c . From that careful LimJ 11e; inJ 'ut·ma.Li un ore wt1:~ utile to µ.i n ,town Uie ex act time of' the air 1-'.low. Ro 1w: li.ly •)() l d J.u 111eL(•1 · . /\nd Lili s -i.o wl 1:iL took mnn,y many years to do 1·1 ·,,m Ll 1(' p:ni111 1d l,_y l.1 ·.ir1.rw.1 i.Ju.'\. :I ,)11 ( ·:·) w-J1 i <" I, i :~ ver ·y v ' r.y d.i ffic:u.lt cau se you 1t<·v c1 · l<.11ow l11 n, l,u Lnk(· , ·,tr · u1 · 1.11111. Ln1nsml s s.i on Wn11'11u. I.I rd, i :~ d •i IT.i 1·1l.l L P ll i.H•rv, ' 1· 1·um oc ·kc t s or sate l ites and they (Jh tllcy fow1d sunrise s more --- PAGE 39 --- Belt ll l;. spectacular than sunsets. I will try to explain that in a moment if I can. Uh , going to go back a moment t o what Coope r J uh , what Schirra uh, saw during a twilight right a fter sunset . He obs erved) uh, the planet Mars and he observed at twilight, the sun had just set, a very specta.­ cular array of colas , he describes them very carefully in the report, in the blue.: book, his 1iJ.ue book , and sumrna.rys blue book too . Uh , he d.escr-ibcd a ro.th r :Lnt est:lng blue hand that ' "' three blue bands ; you r-an o.11 0chi c a. ' s hlues . Uh , . . . is true and he's able to d.o qu • t w 11, \./ i th bl1t ~s . He observe a da k blue , light blue, a nd a dark blu /\nd t le worc.l "light" i1-i 1:1. d ··_ fi ult word. When one says l j gh L on d.o sn ' l: know whether on m nns the lue was a lighter hue or 'j_t W:l: ; brig! I t J: • nut 1 j t J it 1:ipp '1:1. ~ to be 1:1. iigr1t blue J and. one has to use these wo tls or what t hey stand. Anyway, we uh , from what these ob se vations v re is (reportedly) on to a tape and is . (debriefing) and afterwards we are all very consistent . We had an order to try to construct this thing . The fir s t time a ound it needed a little correction wr1en lkhirra saw 1.t; th s cond t me around he was somewhat, he was quit plca"ell w:i. Llt H . We dic'c:tuse th . tomorrow is 11:;c· Ll1<: :;11.111c l, ·r:!111.Lqu v J\ r· t.:Lmi.ll1-; :Ls Carpenter Jiad stn.rted. Uh . we l,h lrik 11(1:;ci 1,.1.Y- ,m • :I.~-; l111,·c·rvj nt,~ Lil • O:loni sphcrc edge on . The ozonisphere , ,. appr·ox·im11.L ·ly ul1 , 011 , L'r •om 10 t l'.> kilometers hitsh up to rO, some- t.!1inr, .L:ik that . I t (H.·ems to huv u 11lll.Ximum around 2:> or 20 kil omete s . rh, 1 l1J1 ozone 1i8 you know, is very ve y absorbing in the ultraviolet, --- PAGE 40 --- BE.:lt 11 r:: _.I in ·:wL c·tir11plcLc, ,dJsorl 1;.1.nl; lw·J.ow 3000 !"or s ol;ir radiation c.:oming '.rlu:, t'C :i.s anoL! 1e r· weak band o ozone i n the ed, y ll(Jw, t:tnd 1~, .c; 1 jn tbc • l,,,rnd uh , at , uh , di sta nce 5000 . 6000 7000 and i J• ·1iy c l ock I ill absortion this wa y Ur r1 rt w- D.I< 1r1.om· l,11.nd p1 · :: orr, _(;h :ir1r'. .l .i k c· l;hn./., . And ·i (; clo :J s 11 tract , tt \./c · I.J, 1111 , L11,:n· i:: PrLly an 1·q, 1i vnlc·1d; oJ' ;2 rnjJirnc-tc1 ·s tir · ) n1il:iinc ·l,c-r:; :t l·,mcl~JJl 1er, , !.11:1.I; i:; 01 · 1· (1111 ·~:" , l,e:1 ·1.1.11: :c ' ,·,miplc l.1 , (r:orrt,j , 1111.1.t:i on ) o.L' th sw1- J :i,g}1 l: . llow,,vc1 ·, wl 1e:n ,yu1r lo k at l.lrJs c:u.ge c,11 you ' re look:ing throueh :,o i I. -1.:i 1· p;low j::.; vr-r,y trarn; p,~r-cnt j n s olu r !"adiation and Ll1at.. sort u !' t hin/~ so wh 11 you l o k ti.mm y ou ' r·e e;ettinc u.h , sort of r·je;rrt 11 hjrnl j(·, , you ' r· ·· /'. t t:in1 ~ an ·i nte ri sem·rrt of , of ligh t here and y ou :.;c ,·J011ds a rid 01 · ,· our~;c· Ll1 ' rcsL i s :J. l.'ucto1· <>L' t wo d :i f f e nt . 'l'l 1i s i:.; i1,Le C" Lin1: 1eca1tsc the p 1·1fpl,· rll)W I Li'(' 1-1 111 ·l,:i 111'. ,,11 1.11, · po <·-v a1r.l I. :J.i. 1· 1~Juw expvt· .Lm-nt whi h wi l l be 1111 . 1,wl L. w1 • • ,. l) c nip;ltt elow cdr.;c on :Ls is t he total. ,.,o there's a lot of light thcr and just . . :· n tl c :Jexto.nt experiment . . . . constructively cr iti cal p cx·riaps th r ,ason wh y th . didn 't wo· k too well i s a f ter one is throwing a wa y a lot of l i ght . Uh , t his is not a s bad as the case of foe J.ights you. know. Remember years ago the og light s were yellow. 'rhey were li~ht wasters . There i s no r1.:ason, the only reason why they wo. kcd. well is th .Y w 1·L· low down :;o cv ·ntuall,Y the yc~llow . . . . disappear . Hut .YtYll don 't; want t.o w;u:.:tc /J.liY Li1'.l1t. . Howev er White will point out to ynu t 1 1· • • • • be r.·c ·r us :i.np: l;l1c 1~re e n l'jlter and McDivitt p referred I ':i 1.·::; t t o , 1.cpcnds a lot your own method ,,r· ul11~ r:rva.t.J1,n . J do w:Lr,t to po.i.1,L L,uL that on' has Lob very ca eful I 1ow on • rnak1.::i . upplicu.t:i or1:-.; n1 · 1d e glow. Uh, ecall any other u.h , l-.t1irlf.'.f; , tlie_y you. wcrcn ' t l1ct·c ye st.e day ; . know a J i.ttlc bit 1;tbout H .. lfli , I think I shoulcl . . . . . senr·it i ve ity H ' each of the astronaut s --- PAGE 45 --- start:i.ng with Glenn who l ad trouble getting . . . . Well, I r eally don ' t want to get into that t oo much for this reason. Finall~, there will be a very ine experime nt carefully planned through the . I mean sensitivity uh, Oh , uh , uh O. K. Well Glen n didn ' t u <:hang t o get . . . . and therefore he wa n ' t able to n!B.k c the E:amc a<.: ut observations for example, a s Cooper was a le to make bcca1.we for example , I don ' t think Glenn had an oppor- tunity to really eet . . and see very muc;l1 on the daytime skies but you mean maybe, uh, tha t t ype of ult , W 11 uy, Y'S , uh, o v cn star light . Oh, alright ine , alright , I see what you mean . What was the (landing) o bit magnitude? Yes . 0 . K. llh, g oing bac k to . . . . let rn continue with tha t Uh, in one ·a sc Coop - r \-,as taking o. small, woke up and opened hi s blind and looked out and he was on t he dcr.y s ide . The e arth was d irect l y below him, the s u11 was d:Li:-c c tly behind M m. Do the a.rth was not illuminating any portion oJ' th window nor- wu s :i.t; :I.l.lumina ting anyt hing that the window :;aw. 'l'hcrc :i.::; not prj ma. y , :Jee mlary . . . . a ca Jjk• Liiat . II<: hu.d. IL :p1·c •t,Ly 1~oorl s :it ual,ion and 1~ d i d ::,ee s tars in the d:i.y l,:int<: ln.rl, lie cJjd h1d:i.,·11.tc Ll1at ltl ' wns ,1ot ul>l to S<' •' a s well in the w, • l<.now th ', ·e: ' s :t tJ.ny a i 1• ~low l>uL i ts vc r-y di LTicul :t to me a sure and he e J'.; ab r,:Lnni :ng f usu ,jcct:i.v ob"c1 ·vntion of , of it s (me n ) at the --- PAGE 46 --- <>n uorir-d Slc to sec so well. AgEr i .n i. t may be: 1:t question of time (darkmcntation) p erhaps not that much more t ime but uh , ... t hey were ge tting d own to uh, the kinda of sensitivity . . . that uh, should be possible under , under good condi t ions of dull a tmosphere . Uh, should we mention a nything (about) the window (pane ) and uh, . . to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear someth i ng on Lhe window or tak e something o:ff w:i L:h ld s elbow or somethi ng. I t appeared, rcom what w(~ heard, thn.t he tood sometl1:i ng oJ'.L' there h~s been some nr:cumu.11;1 t i on ( 't) them ::.w:lt Le ring tile mc
  • 1' little particles which 1u ·c; brou~hL or- ::a)lll\:tltJ np: wl1i<:li wo11lcl get in tlic light t he place where he moved i t :md. again j t lol)k ed. I\u t 1cl'ter nll the cockp i t inside is --- PAGE 47 --- :Belt 1 2 relatively b.l.ac k cornpa. ed to the 01 tsidc . And th i s is true and they J ooked out thro1--<13.h the 'Window 1.1h , there seem d t o b e a change . In fact, they have a pl'1 otograp h of t h is ( spot ) . . . . talk abou t that . Uh, they are very uh , they say the astronaut s have t aken advantages of every po ssible opportunity t o note something unusual . And he keeps all the (;opies . . Uh , . . I think we can look a little b it to the :futu.rc . I th ink we uJ.l woul.d like t o extend the . r a nge of vi s i011 o.nd the wa y to do tJ-mt i s w•i t l1 inn ge converters . Thia may be vc y ])rnc tic.:tl.l. Uh, i on · j s des.line: with uh , the iclea of perhaps using 'L v iol t lens t·at11er tl11m 11 ulue to r...-;ct d own to a re g:Lon that is . many ruo e c·ommunt::: on . You mn.y ue /7, t t.! ng into cl. reg :i on wbere the eye snot ve r y sensit i.vc or nots nsitiv • at a ll, yet i t is a very inter ­ esting re gion to do p ractical navigation well , there one can us e the image c;onverter and hav the eye become s ensit ive through a n image converter to uh , (the near v:i.ole t) . There are many ob servations tha t have made I' om roc k - ts that are 1 a d to repeat . Uh, for e xample , ultra viole t a urora . We ' re not sm·e thi~ happened b ut uJ1 , two of th , se . . in a rocket nntl L11rou~~l1 ,y_j r· ai1d. -Lt r:ot satura t d Ftnd it tm·n s out t hat it probably WHS a vc y st-.rong ll·: trnv:i o:JcL u 01 ·1-1 over Wa]ll)ps Island . And f'o r t unately t.w-o ol' tile ( 1;1:l<· t..,lmc Lm··n ) worked uml l>ec:iuse ti icy were . . to s uch J,i1...-;!1 ::i;rw,iLivlty l111L tl1c otl1t:l' t wo W-< : r·<· . . . . Wel J_ , Lili , there .as 11u vj ::;1Lh.l • <:()tmt.cr·J)u.r.L 01 · thJ s aJ."c:t; tile e Wl:l.s 110 w y of knowing it · ::;11 t .LJ J Les I 1avc • • • • • . 11<; tromJ.uLs might ' c able to l o ok a round and . LLltravio l c;t 1.:1.urora. •r1,cy saw l".hi" aura a j_n south /\us tralia visually . Wi ~J 1 LI 1ft t 's l;I 1e bcginni.nt;. Perhaps With image c:onw-rt rs Ll1cy rr\j t,'.llt p•ic ·k 11p s om • 0Ll1cr · aurora . 11 I L. n, vi oJ ct. C/'. 'i on ; we don ' t know whether I I ,. ,. • I I i r l. ~ 1 I • :I --- PAGE 48 --- 12 5 o w he: r< · af,:a i :, "'"n j magc, converter ,1jll <'nnvr•r- . . .. . l i1~hL Lo v •i.:-.;al J c I i1 ~ti1. . Uli, l, ;1eir 0 1, servu.tions l.haL have 1Jri n mucic o f U1esc neb locil.ies (? ) which may or may not ,,e so , th s • are ulLraviolet nebuloci ti . s (?) in the 1200- 1 300 r g ·on . Aw in on migli L h a v un j rnal~l' c onv er L r or c ea te an i maee in a rnutt,,r· o(' u mnm nl. luok o.t u linL!(? ) untl :;ee if one an see this tlC'buloc i Vi~,; (?) . M1 y1n· on ... j n:; Ln.w1cn .al Jir·oblem(? ) -.,,e don ' t know . In I.Iii :; L.Yfl<' or <'X[K' r· i.mcnL v<• r·,y diffic 11. t o uchie:v . Uh , ',l(' J] I think (,l111.l . ' :; a.1,oid. Jl I witril,<·d Lo ca.v 1.th , I tun ::;u1·e you ' ll l.h c,y :lf)l,) un-d ; Lhv t::iL ,·01,u11I.; ; when 1.11!'.Y t;cl] .voI1 ahou ', th , wh en ... . 'l 'h J i:; t 1.I1i1w. on our r,ror:r·arn i::; I.I,<: 1t:~l. rona11L" , anu I. ey ' ve ohviou'.;ly 1,<:en d0l1.l.,yed :;o I ::;uvgcsl. w<' l.ake u. <·orfee 1;r co.k whjle w wail. for f.hcm ..... Wc ' l cul. our· c:ol'f'ee bn,1:1k shor L. Co lone McDj vi LL ar,d Colon 1 WI, i L hfav silown u J her(' . Uh , mayb e we an r co11 11t. (?) , I. k • a min11l.c uncl .c ecouriL 1·0 -c th~m what w~ • ve cone . Uh , our 1nLen1. l1L'r was Lo 1,av<-' each or 011r· exp rimcntors p,o tlirougr1 111 i>:L< · k1-'. r· r'l' l/11111 1.. 111 · (~:wil.< · lt w:,:: i11 opcrat.ion ·! ) , a11tl , uh ';ive l. /1('0I f.I1(· O(lf!Or·l.1rnit..v I<, IJ.:-;I<. l l'<.' W qtt(• .:i.ion u 1> ;1~,1 · on :..l ie o\.h('Y l.l1i111'.: : 1.IH'.Y lall<.< •d :Jl1011/ I.Iii:; morJ1i11 1' . . . An c .L ,rtw ss Lhis morn · ng w< · ,,,, ·11!. I. 1r·<111 f'. l1 Li,,, m<'di1 ·:d ,·xp .riu1< •11I: : I · Lrsl . . . Lhc me .i c· l e:icpe r iments <[j) --- PAGE 49 --- .. ' . Be H 12 6 and , L, cholce oJ.S Lo how you .....•.... (l\.ctually ) Lwo r ours in space . I don ' t think the re a re any questions on tha t . Ha, Ha . The X- ray s ( '?) dlcln ' t c.:r.a.1 se any sign if · c1::1.nt ha dsh ips as far as the ..... . Lo fl lgh L. 'l'he y mtvl- u::: get up wh1-d. , 10 minuL •[: a r li ·r . Yr·1;.h . W<: J you cw huck ( 't ) L ,uL. ~;lncc Lhcrc was ,mly 4. 3. (?) I gue ss 'l'l1ut ' s most ::;er lous p ro h em<• a.nd I wan Led a milkshake or something as soon a s I landed and I c uldn ' t have it . aid I couldn ' t have any calcium until what , ( 20 hours afterward s? ) /\s far as the flight probl ms 'l'hat' s a pretty safe f oar (?) my hce rlid.n ' t hurt at all. M"ne ' s all hale up . Tin. , Ha . 1 did.n ' t trd.nk yo u had enough hield c1.L Lhe rnom -•nt (?) Ila, Ha . 1'he uli , phon cardiogram (?) like s ome of the othe r se nses (?) .... eouplc day~ (?) Noi. so LhaL we coult.lr1 ' L arry on the mission . JL w.t ··n ' t any more t;oL11 ·rsome than u1.v ( l f the o Lhe r ones . l. ' db'enh1 L •r•st.cd in , LnLcrestc\1 ink.110wing , uh the ..... . rcsu It.:~ of Lhein . It, h:;.~;ri ' l. l" ( Jlll< ) lJp . .. .. . v,• .•i.1 1. Wl 1LL I ' rn ·(• 1.dly int.el'l'::1.vd i11 is wl1 L'Ll1\· r· or 1tul. our m ion dist rbe d l.l 1c mi<·rupl1,>11 • enough 8(> Liu.LL you 11,• LnJ n lot. \)i' other· things ..... an 1101, ncc!cssar· il.v 1u· l1cur· L . I~ L. Wi ' i. uh , a.lw· ys have the band on the ..... . --- PAGE 50 --- • I .,,,_ . Belt 13 ua h- ... . . man on the t ape . 1'he EKG? On t he bi ometry tape r ecorde r . 'l'ney we r e arr a nged in s uch a manne r that the - the phonocardio - 1~rwn by it self was not r cor clerl on both t ape recorder s . It was only r-ccor dc <.1 on one tupc r •cor de r. /\.nd s in,~c_: we were not neces::;ar ily inL · r es tcd in thl: mun wl1u wu~ u.wa k ll<: w ·nL to :;J.ec1, , lJ • !J I, i omud LF.l.J) r 1 c:0r11r , ·onm1•11 l. yc s t.eni:1..v , :;omethi11,~ :i ouL r ather 1a.n l.1 , n Ii 11 11 i_n Lo a p11 mpk in . : ,uu1l: LI I Ln(! I. i k<: Lt at , [ Lhou ht it was f u nny . Ii ·aJly . we w ' t·<· - J wa: ; 1•:(~l. l. .i11r1, muc:1 , l,:s :; exe r cise t han I h ad an i - 1· i pul. 11 d . 'l'l,<: r w:_,1,:-:; a ::p1 1rL (i:.u·J.'f i11 1.11 ,; r1 · 1~l1t. whe n I was g e t"ng ,. v,: r-,yl.l1ir 11~ ""l. , ,'.1;l.L i111 ~ ,·v c r ,y Ll1i1 11:; :;L,>n·il 1.Je1',11 ·c Lh ~VI\ n...'1d we --- PAGE 53 --- Be lt 13 4 ad a ot o • a fa ir arno u.nt of exerc •se there . Then I found I could r each eve r y th · ng that... I needed t o reach without real ly .... myself all ove r the inside of the spacecraft . I manage d to get all the food out wh ·ch is a - in a lg is a fairly d "ff icult a sk, I manag ed to f-'.cL j t o u t w i tho L a n y e fforL w hat... 1;0 •ver, once I got the first one olT . 'l'riey we r·• 1:.1. ll .... 1,.n f ex •r ·.i :;(: :; !'or c:;crr i :.;c :.;nhe !>••cu.use wu weren ' L getti ng all 1.11,) ; :lr·e11 l.i1al. wit:; t.11<)11 1-'.llf. w<· :;J1,>11lcl l1 ·Lv u and L ,justl l, sl. the es j re I.,> Ii · du.i.n1-'. p1i::l11,p:: or 1~11_yLlli111: I ih\: 1.1,a L, } 11 . I did feel tlla I I t.hi1d~ LtJ1.1.f. ::om•·Ll 1i ng uq.~i1l. .u \;-• c111ul· l ear l.11 0ugh ~- re , I t1 i n k v<..: 1:.1.n.: 1t:.; • 11,'-'. I.he wo r d c;n: r c.: i.:; • r;J.l.l 1c r· l" t ·c ly he n~ in n o n u n o n lay :~en:;<.: , und :11,i;o..i11 1.l1e r. pcri.m•n1. he r· (• :L: ; i.L wa~: dcs i gnc w-a,; no t 11<..:c .:::Jar L .V - u wo.rk (;LJ.Jl~tc i Ly or u wnrh hear t cupacl 1..y te s I s 110L 1.1. thi n1'. dc:1i 1'. n'd Lu pr vide Lb· cre w witli an extensive amoun o --- PAGE 54 --- Relt 13 5 c1xC;lrc i :;e , a11d I U, ink - I r;uei;:: bC('.:.1.u:;r, - you probably -~ might have 1-~1tc:;:;(•1 l be l1nm<: pcoJoJe j1 1sl, :~<)!, a miscon ception of this Lld.ng - thi:; exer cl:;cr - Lti<:: J'act tl11..1.t. we call .i.t, that that we use l.l1e word exer cise , Uw.L we should u~<:: Ltie proper pros:pective here, what ac Luti.11.Y was Laking plu<:c, wr,ich j s u very short spurts ol' energy expenditur es; yes, l:Jut not, exerc ise lik e in a gym or a real good workout, oi' ti.ny Lype . Do you fee l Llw.L the ventilation in the s uit was ade quate? I did, but Lhere again, i t was adequate; but marginal. You couldn ' t do u. lot, or cx:c r ci:;e, .vo11 w0t 1ld r~el , a tie:.1.t l oad . As n. matter of f act, wl1cn 1•:<1 wn:; cxcr-c·i:.: lng i t lo!.. f co1 1 ld :LcLually reel tl1c heat going 1q, !11Ln m,y ::idc ,,t· L1 1e :; 11i.l. u..l:;o . /\rnl 1,:,t hall,, - Ed i'clL w:ir mer l.111rn I di,d ul I during tl1e f 'J i1.':f1L. I think you itrc u w1J.r e L11nL .vo11 l!ad Lljl'fci-ent Lt'mperat11res on our suits .. Wlii. c 11 wi lJ lic.l.J> ,:x:plu.:i.n I.he di l'f'erent-v Ln th() rcelings as far as the <·11vi.ru11.men\,. IJow co1!1u. .Yi ind tl1e in s i e of l.!11; :: 11:u.:0<· t·1,.J'I . 11rn11,t:1 1r fr :1.i.k 1:ll:c-Lri c :;Lul,lc; <: h ur,~<: wurked un e lectron and magno ­ meter we d'dn ' t get any performance at all on those three . Firs t f r om an instrume ntation s tandpoint , we had - the switches were accept · l'>le even o me, I thought E wa s asle ep when we had Lo ttu:·n Lh o:;l: 1.ltin/-'.S on , I hucl Lo r 0.ar.: r1 ac r oss 1.,ri.th this thing we <·u.11 Ile swiv l sl,ick wl1 i d1 · o abo1 tl, Lhis lone:; 1;,,nd has an un sually ::.l1aped end on iL Lhut we OLtld r at: 11 1rntler t he switches and flick Lhem 11 and off wi.L h iL . di cl ym1 ::; e Lhe ... ... . exl,enrl'( No . LL wa :;1 1' L ex.I. nded? No , • t, ,msn ' t. ex Lende IJ i.d yo1, ever ~ e tllc Lh lJO.t:k encl, i y ou ge t far enough back Lo get Lo look in deep enough Lo s~ c it? No . Di you h e ar it extend'? J\lo . I ex tended l t I.he l 'i r s L Lime l n,t I really- clld.n ' t see it . 'I'! 1rot e;I Hrnt I.I 1 , r Li.1:'.I 1L wl ,a L - w(-.. pru mlJJ y - wl 1a L did i L ycle the r e , :d,1Ju I. 'J Linu;:.; . , /11:;I. i 1, c: u '..:<: l.hu.l. IJ,I1.,.yorn) !,jm • t. h r<· 1,: ~:.; ~ome\ .11 in y wr n s 1.,ri th • . w•>1J ld 11' t, exl.«:11<.l , wu 1il d _yu11 :~ 1. 1.,•rnpL l.u , ·xi.end ii Going .l rough the 1·;,t., ;11<1 r; _yr.;I,· ali<>11I. 11 or· ', Lime:· <1 11r·i111'. I.li e f li;·:111. , .1 11: : L i11 c· 1J.::,· :: ,>1m·l. l 1i1 1~'. w:L:.; w ,· 111111'. w ii.11 it. at n.11.v l)B Lim th:.1.t l t 111ii-'.l1L 1-'. ' :I. i I. . w, - r v vc· t· r ·Lra · l.(:tl i t , ::;u , i if wor s , h en rttil.11 i 11;-'. ·01 1 I ( •11e n hr.: c:ornpu L r . /\ny ul.l1e r q,H:~t. i 1m:; on l.110::: U1 r e ··r Wl iat wus U 1' c:o:.: 1. o i" Uie ph o ogruJ1liy ·r 'J'Jie Wt;:.i.Lhe r and mar· ne pl1oto1-~raphy . o· . you skip M C- 10? Okay 10 . I wou d like to say we g ot some good picLure s und I appreciate i t . '!'here again , ll. w-u a pretty traiglil. fo rward experiment . We didn ' t lmve any i L"i"i.culty ~ri th iL . T ' ve P,OL a cou-p.l of q11e:.; L.i nc abo11L Lile FJS5 . I\ couple of things thaL u.me up llli.; L night.. . You sa..i.d - .vnu know Llie sys t ma tic photo - graphy aero::.: :; Ll1" lfnltc sec on s , how cli you t ime that? Count , or c:lock or how . J. s a r t.e i.t1' t'V nt. Um r wi L!i Lhe ili1~i Lal Jock tha we got in mL u t:· · uwl :.:e ·u11 ::; , fi.nd L 1e11 J cor1Lr,,1..Lcd s pu. c raft o.n · then I I :;<•t• , 1J.11 J•:d ,· riink •d LIii · cnJr1 · r u. 111 at)( l took I It -' pi c tt r llid 1.11<~ :;wn,· :rn l, .i•t;L , du _y t'lll l.l 1in k 1.l1u.l, one man could o thi s by lii rm;(; I 1·. 'l'l,is 1. : iinpu t·l.nnl. l.,l .!\(' t'I i:~l1L pl ar1 , li O y ou th ink i t l,1ik ·:: llroliabl,f about 12 p.icLure s . 'l'hl s i s shorter :p iece, but tt,e c1.1untry i.sn ' t v ry Jung . Yes . W•11, w-ere focusing it u,en Ed . Yeah , ( j us l, wan led t o get l L till :.;et up aheo.d of time, and by the t.i. me we pas:c:ed t he re we J c , ltave boLlJ p i lot.:; on the joli . l•'(ir niw of .v011r :ieq1, nee ricl.ures . Y1:ul1 . 'l'h c;>S<; 0Ll1;e vrie.s, L/1e ta.r g !. ..... .. . l•:nrl 01' !Jc] I. . --- PAGE 59 --- - .. Belt 14 o . K ., I ' m ,~c,ing o pu Lhat . . .. udrlrer;c p refer request for my experi ­ rmmt if Lht1.L i:,; f..t.L :.:1ll po:i'' i.ble to hl:I.V(; uoth pilots on he job for any of your ~eq ence pictures . Another one' s Target of Oppor unities i f you on ' t nee the cont rols ••• • • ....... . . . . t.be one::: I.ha we ' ve got you w ren' L all s ro.igh ene d o t •••••••••• . . . . . you on ' L nee: ':;r:a r i I .Y f>u:;:: CN<: t I.It m y uu know . 'l'l 1 1.t1ing l.!le,y w nt. Lo Luk.~ fL T>i.t; II r o[' iz ov'r her· iL ' s best Lo Lake a picl.ur, . You guys cerLa.inly hu.v• your eyec upen buy s11me of those things -- l.hut volca11 shot \..hat re:;hoL sl..r11r.: u re espc<· i.u. ly , \..ha ' s r eally going Lo give u:; L 1e miJ •age . Could you make a comment, ,just. on the gene ral :; .u.billty of the :;p cecraf't .. .. ... . .. pulsing und you ::toppe111-~I• , :t: : _y,>11 get• .v, 11r rat. •• :1.11 stopped ,vo1i ' r · in(;r-t. i1Llly l'ix.'cl u1 r wh t.t1e .r· l t, wan the :q 11i.·ee r1J.l'I, e l 'l'c! c· ts . I don ' t ••••••• Y, >11 cJ u 11' l, l,1 : nd Lo . . . . . . _y n1 1 don 't, l. 1 ·11d I.,; 1.i <;l~ 11p Lhe:.;1 ' motion~ l'l'Um 1.11\~ ::Jl l( ' (.;CJ'llf ' \. • • ••• rcrnc111b •r :;eve r ,'il Lim<•:; wh •fl I kicke d into tl111 !'ootw IL thu.t you 111intioned ; you co, .LrJ heu. l' that , buL J ' w ~ur e 1.tnJ.t wa~ ,just :.;orne ­ i.,h ' ng ,ha t he heard , a nd tbat I d i dn ' I, r ,. ally < i. stu r Lhe motion of ,he s a ce c r aft . Wl1F.1.t u.!Joll Lh • ext rnal ly ..... I mea 11 coul d y ou cli s tur b ••••• I :;u r·c wu,r. . I. kn •w l,h • t,j in :: whcri , 1vhen J k.i.ck ed off l\u L I u. l:rn lo w w i \, l,oo . l111 r- d 011 I.he :;pac: c·1•1:J.i't , :·o I ... and U1i:; was t1 1,~ t.i mes l,hat I wanted · 11d o f' Lh utLc r , and U1at wus th Luld J move i.1.'? J ' de Lhe 01.l1cr way ii' 1 mov ed ·· t t Ls way • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I'ropu I :; .Lon .. .•• (:q,ia.J '? ,~•> , I dor ' t. 1,tiinl, .!1i:; i:, 11:; , ii,'::; 1i1ll. wl\aL w,· w re ien.-ns ra 'ng w i Ll1 i I, .... v,:u.!1 . 1 8C•~ ,,,11:1.I. ,YU 1~uL a · 'nLer ul' gruvit.V L11:.1.t its hing y ou 'r talking ab out , --- PAGE 63 --- j•,,: 11, 14 .r<:;a ly v ry ,1<"· I. I gr~ L pr 'I, Ly cl.ose . 1 knew wh er mine was . These t hing~ , these things ar e weightless up there but they're not ha:;kets thaL fly away , one y ou get tlle ·e th ings goin , y ou gott a :; .op Lhem 1.wain i. l' you :; L:irLed pu:;r i. 11~ , if you had a • •• some me· ns ,1t' p r OJJOI'Ul>n , you ' ve f~oL :;omcLhirw I ilH: the :;i.des of Lhis able KO ·ne,, 1.1.n il' ' L l, i L Lhn.t. wall O Wll Lh1! r <; , i L ' c..l. go r ight through i L. 'l 'h.i s i~ tl'lc gen ra I flU ::; I.ion .I ' m 1(;1J.n i ng t : 1~ i t , wel , I ' m try- ing to get i L . .. wiLh the i~tjncLion -t,110.t yo u can u se i t ••••• aut o- matic tape cl.a.bi.liz.a tion ..••.•• You ' d have t.hc :.;rune pro l m wi h automatic s tabilization t hat y ou would . . . . . "ure . But wi.Ll:1 aut.owa U c stauilization you mlght , i t would set down in I' i.ne ( re i; • s Lune: ' Lo ) t he mo Lion wher wj th tlYi :: thing you would.n' t ••• w iLh n g1U1 _y o11, prolHl.bJy , wo11L ll yo11 kn11 111(•11.11 , .Y"" !1av,: l.q l 'i 111L y,HH" 11.ut.0mal. i e stalii lization s soon as y()u ' v,· held un Lt a I, n hy Len box , i L wo 1 s L· bilize you and i t t.00 ·1 ~n _, for Li1 , i. t wOL ld s tar f' ring W•lJ , i 1' y,111 <:ou.l cl :.; t • .I I hol cJ on Lh t:l.:.1.Ji.]i'I. r· . Ul1 a1J wil.ltin limil.:; ul ' Li:; conLroJ • • • • •• Y,:tt.ll , [ Ll1i111<. ,VOii would !'i nd , )11l. Ll1;d . iL wasn ' L esig.ed to do that . ::,•(.; , j I' ,Y )II l11.1.d It :: _y:.:;L<'lll l,11:1.L W u]d :;l. t· av ,o y,) L ••• --- PAGE 64 --- Y(Ht hwl 1..1. ::ys1,1~u, 1.111,.t Wu. :; :;L rappc~ Lo you ttai.. 11:.1.d automat ic ··i.,.abil.izat •on and t r anslation of a pe r son , well , than you ' v e got the whole of a box or something that you were hold- ing whe n you we r e down in one c orner of it . I ' m s u r e that y ou woul d ' nt buve engouth stabili:L.atlon con\..rol author i ty o handle the t r ansla tion ,1(' ·oml:thi n~~ like that , be<:au1c;e yo u ' re putting your engi ne ... Well it d epe nds on his mu:; s . Ag aLn you said it ' s mas . If it were magnes.i.um bonds or ~ometbing , then .............. . I think we ' re asking ..... . Y(::ah , well .r know what we ' re tu k.in g il;o ut -- we ' re talking about l,u ild Lng a i;pa e s \..a.t on . I ' m as rinx.Lous to do th a t us Lhe next guy , h \.. \..h i<.: isn ' t qui Le wha\.. we looked into . I H.p-pr e c iaLc y ou r quest i on ; we ce r t ainly have Lo fact up to lL. ...... . On- sta.bilizat · on , uh , su pose you were t rying to take of ( both pic ­ \..ur es ) on Gemini , compared to Me r cury ....• Wou1 · i t take you what? "uppo c, e you Lry to Lake one photo -pic\..ure of t he star , say thr ee stars , uh , w at do you th i.nk y our s nsi.t i vity i n terms of an,,;ular accur acy wou d be for ··a.v , L n s •c0nds or I.hr ~e secondr; focus, ngular - wise l,uL (wh o ) Luo k pic;l,tir - :~ n 1.' t.h _ ho j:;,on n.nd ... . .. change s ··our degrees 1,t: r :;(acond . Ol1 , c ,1er. 1.l1n.L ...... l.u UH~ d ,Y• ~ll 1,a I I lh)n'? W, ·11 , iL ' :: 1i vr; r-y ::pc(: i:d qu c:::t. i u 1 vn p:c nerul i:c.ntion , you know, _y ou ' r· , muv i rt/.~ ar·o und , l1u-w c· 1J.1\ y ou , c:u.i 1 you C-ut!rl\..erac the motion un U111 vc l1i<'J · , 1·or 1n::Lanc' , Ll1e Ccrn.i.ni ca11:;ule .... to t ake stabilizer ••• Ycu.h , yo 11' d liu.ve Lo , i 1· y ,H 1 W'a nt \..1) t:onrpa1·e i with Mercuey s 1.bilizer, --- PAGE 65 --- Belt 14 7 you have to Go back and get moment of impulse of the control system, then apply it to the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, and then do the same with the Gemini .... No , in this case he ' d be moving a camer a . Pardon? Move Lhe camera to control the angle . Do you jnst hold it? You hold it, yeah . We could take them as well as you could in Mer­ cury, 1:i.ccording to how stable Lhey tie it . lt/ s quite pos:.;ible that you couJ.d stabili ze the spacecraft better than you could stabilize Lhe . . . . . Yeah , can you get that in the spacecraft . . ... . Thank you . Uh- huh . I would (use ) the spacecraft to stabilize it ... to hold it out the window, kinda hold i t out the wondow, you have to, you don ' t have lo move the stabilizer . The spacecraft is moving, that means that you 've gotta , you have to move your hand al the , an opposite rate, or the opposite direction, L.lie :rn.me t·at.e thal the ::.;pucecrafl 1::.; moving , I don ' t think that you· w.1.nl t.,,i do Lfltd, , l>CCt.t.USC yrnl ' ve 1;;0L U stab i liY.er thing in your 111-.1.nd lioldl n1.( it,, what, you \vould p rubauly do is brace your hand up f.t.ga:i.n:; L U1e s.i.de of the ::.;pE1.c:ecraft lin minute8 . We took a lot of ocelill movie · .••• Was there ever any qt.1e ::;Lion in your mind as to wh ether or not you we r e look ing nt elouds , did you always ge t ••••• I )ityl :i (J;tl L. IJn_vl i gtiL o.ntl rdgltLLi..mc . tl:iy.l i.gl1L , I.here .is 11ev ·r :w,y dotd.> L . /\L ni1~l1L l,imc; il. i :J .k ' rnl 1,1." l1ani t.,l ~;,:' the t~r,iund . u 11, q1w:.;l. i.,,J1 r .r u1,1 t.lw pi <:L1 1n•:;, .i.t. djd noL U.FJlcH • o be! Loo g r ound !111L w<· r c _yu11 uik Lo t,e con:.:l· i.ou:: \> I" ti11zc or u$t l aye , say over _you.i:· , e~c r t.:; or even ovcr pol..l u ,iort arco.s or 1,; j ie s and so f o rth . W< •re you. con:;civus 01 · r: •c inp; Ll1e i1 1du:;tr-i.al pullution or the dust? --- PAGE 68 --- .. Belt 14 10 Ove r or t h Arica a couple of times we comme nted on dust storms, although they weren ' t r eally dust storms ? We weren 't s re that was a dust storm, right . Remember I sai d that is a ........ , and then we said well maybe not . It wasn ' t a uston , k ml t,he vi.::;l bility was ver,y, very lo1v . You c ould se e a mile p r• s0rn, ;Lhin1-: 1t11d j _l. wu.; aLJ qu · t; •••• • W,· c;u11.l< l :;L, ::Lr-ai.gl1L d< wn l1til. we r-,1 1iJdn ' t see Lhe hangove r at all . J\1101.h ·r- qut:::l,iu 1, di.d y 1lu eve r - Gor 011 C oper m,te tho: the r e w:t :.; <•La Li ,,n hj:~ :radio l.he s11me Ljrnc when he saw ligh ~ening di~ ­ cliur ge on t11 g r ound . f!.:l.(i you - jll you get any stati~ that you might !,ave co rre lu.L ,a wiLh b .i ng near di:;Lurbc weather on the gr ound . 'l'fli. s i:..; ort of a chanc: ot.rnerva.tion if you made it . N , J rlon ' t Lhink I did . N(l 1 d.irl.n ' L u i I.her . We wa .. :1. lot i1 1 i.ghten-· ng . W, • - •tJ • had 11<, •• . --- PAGE 69 --- ,,l ., . J!cll. l ' No , I wou.LrJ.ri ' t :.:,1~y th1:;. t I d u . . • I ~uc s s y ou would call i t but y ou c ouldn ' t . . . it did n "t . t a ny r ate . Did y ou notice t h e . . with t he fla sh i f 1 •p_; htni ng . . . . 'rhe r wuc nn a wf1Jl lot of light ninc; f;urc w.1s , . ,outh fl!n ri r~ •'l.ncl . /\.ny more covcrag . on t l 1c wa.t(: p 1oto1--~r·u.phy 'l Y<';; on atmosp }1crlc- ph ,nomenu . . . Did you eel us t hou gh you would l,a ve Lj me to study t h m i.n" t rwneni..r.1.lly' I mean f rom the t i me that they come into vj ew until they pass out of v:i c w·t Did y ou g o t hrough the e xercise with the i nstrument - l et ' s say a hand- held spec trome ter or . . . . Di I phra se the question'! I think so . . . . . . but I ' m not s ure of t he d ration thc:1.t your s tudic" r-equi r e . Tho.t ' s m._y probl m - I wu t r ying to p;ct some re 1 as to the d uration !:bat y ou hncl nome t;l1j ne; ln 'i{-~h t . . wl1l: n ~ y ou ' d f ly a l ong in r egard l.<, wlluL th w Ll1t t · wa:-: :tncl you ' d :;1t y 0 . K. , :LI. '..> minute s a ter e leven I ' 111 F~orna cl, i 11 i.;p ct romc tc.r- r; tud,y 1Lnu.lcJ :;:1.y . that ' s been rep o t ed to ·1,,, ;~> rnil., 11or·i..l 1 or· Trj _ p :iol i - I ' m 1~oinr; to st-.tuty . . . . which o f t hese l./1 in{-'.:: ur· • . . . . . --- PAGE 70 --- Be:lt 1 5 2 I ri lookln(.~ :·(, r ,,1 ,,J(• 1· UJ (Jrj Lh<; v. r oimrl 1,.nd t hinr.i;,; like 1,h1;1.t you ju ct don ' t l'jnd Lh ·rn '..,,00 rn .l.lcr: iri fronL o yo u . 1/ow a out comething in the sense or a targe t, of opp o rtunity '? You see i t with out ad v n ea warni ng . I woul think y Oli ' cl hav • or, Lhc ordc.:r o a minute or 80 seconds maybe to ,. tudy i t i C you have y ou ( cq11ip mcnt ) al: eady mi ea ged. i f you want ed to I ook at i t y ou ' v' got to a im the SJ)/l('r:r: r af't as i t, s ay . A ·min£~ the :;pnc c.r.:Lf't ~!t-. it s not ,lj l'I :ic ult . If' you've got a field to do j y ou can truck ,·tght on I! point.. II' y ou ~Hy a t h unclcrs torrn, say, off to your lef t, you could mn.neuvcr th cp acec raft u r ound t here and just ke ep pointing at i t as i t we n t by. About h ow many mi.lcs would 60 secons - 8 0 s ec onds We] 1 of cou sc 2~ 0 down . • •• ' o cl own - II-.J 'l'hat ' ... about 80 ::;cc·onds . 'r h:it ' s 80 secont1"" rou• hly . 'J. hfJ. t ' . right . Fu the (norm1tl) 11J l;.it1 1t (' ·1 ' vc f~oL n w-l1ult · :; c•t ol' claLa ii' _yu 11 w:t1 1l. i t l'or va ious a l t i tudes on just Yo 1 ' v • r;rovjtJ.cd t ·rniug h- /Incl J thin}. ,vo-u t·a11 prol,n.li)_y :· c: , :i t. 1· nm1 the ;;01... down b l ow the horiz o n T Lrij nk y o 1, <·an 1'. t a n •;i.J. i'.u~xl I' ·< ·J •i 111'. l 'or :i L l yot I take a look at :; 1>mc ol' t lc• Lruc·klng :i.lin on whlch we _ ooked l'or an object on the g round , --- PAGE 71 --- Belt 15 3 f'ound the ub j ec·1., 1.1.nd th en tr:--i.eked it all the way . And as soon a s they g t that film 1'J.ml put the pi e ces i to make it - it's a sequence came ra it ' s not a real movie ca mera - as soon as they put the pieces in and in­ sert the extra frames so i t is in :-uh a movie came r a I think you ca n get ,i real i • 11. of .xu.ctly how lone; y o1; 1 ·nn see . So if you know how much re - q 11 i r um~nt y ou lt:1,vc· 'LS r-1,.1· n.r: 110 :i nr-'. ,1 /(lltr inst umc' n ation ts concerned, you •·•tn L1·]l c·x:11.c·L.I .Y wl 1c trH'r y o u <'1rn c11 · wl11J.L kind 0 1· meo.01tr-cm nt:::i you c:nn make . 'l.'l 1r•ri yo1 <·Hr1 1J.]:io l;l1c o n •'l;jc·n.ll..Y l.'i/,; 1ir·e l t oui,, Loo . 'l1}1 big problem t::; to id .n·t;i f·,y thC' ol>jc r· t . If you ' t'e looking for a ::;p c: fi object, a. <:erLn.in t hund.e r:;torm or the northeast corner of the Red Sea or something , that means that you don ' t - you're not going to be 0 a ble to pi ek it up ci.nd aim the s pc1.c:e<:raft at i t 30 below the h orizon. You. ~ g oinc to ha ve to wa i t awhile . You ' r e p obably not g o ing to get it IJj,ckc out ' til lat •r so that your tirn on tl1e target is s oing to be le ss . 0 . o urse you k now th angc is cltan1~ing very rapidly. 'I'hat thing i l1clo1,r you - -::.ay it ' <> rt f-: ht 1 ·low your tra .k . When y o ,, irrt see 0 t of 1.11:it J1'.; 0 ~· .i I. , ,. 1-'.r . J,r·t rn • t y to 1·c.•-phras tl1;,,l; qnc st:Lun . . . . althOU{'.l l I think it wa s . yo we c tracking T LI i11k. my 11.nr; wl ·1 · Lo .iL wu:; ;1 y 's , lluL le t me t·ep hrase the que stion a out --- PAGE 72 --- !, Llie se tar gc L:; 1)1' opportur1 i ty. Let ' ~- take t he airg low fo r moment here . There ' s the night air glow, t he twilight glow and the day glow. Now the r e a r e no . . . . . . of day glow. That would t ake (pe rhaps a) second exposure , a nd you know where to look the nex t time around , and ( you can do Lr,at forever . ) '.!.'Ile Lw-Lli gllt td r1-~low m.i.f~I i t t n.kc 10 seconds to 1-~c t . . /\nlurry. I t hi..nk y ou c:oultl probu.hly , ·i f' yo u tr·ied e n ou13l1 y ou could p robably get a 1 0- s e ,;ond . }'our minul, s- Wcll o[' c ou -~;c tti c: r,p r· tnc.rapl 1 1·a11 . . . . . . . . t he t i me to p ermit a fair amount of 1110l~ion L o. '( uu ' (l p; . t ~.umc LI I i n1-: Ofl Ll le- 1.111: :: p (.'cl;o1,'.1 ·a l 1 ,·u1Lld :;L•1.y- i. 11 01 ·bi L, Llit) pc1·:; n11 would have t o gu ba k in. ::< , ::l u,r·Ll y 1d ' L1·1 · 1.111.ct, l.l 1c <' >CJ)Cr i 1111·11I, \v:is t ,·icll in u oc ket and the ro ket :; L: di i I j ·1.1l 1..i rn w-:c:, it prnllJ. · in , too . W" i Ll1 tim i n1~ a · ter our minutes , the ,,xpo:; H c one tl:i.k i n 1r 01 it·. 1· y(.iu 1Lnrl. •·c c a c·OJ1t:.inualJ.y c·hanginu; airg low or a re you ;~\l l1 11'. L;o Lr ·y rtn I :Look 01 !l: u.i; n •i p;ht :i11 viewpoinL and try to pick up a pie e r,I ' 1,. -11·1;,;low 1J.nd l.r-11., · I• • ••• 'l ' l11 lL ' :: .'1 V<·r ·y l:-'.o nd q1wcU011 . I W\ ltLld : i:1.y one would 1ie v ry a't.isfied to 01 10 0llou..l I also t.:ry tl1<~ o tl 1cr exp r·imcnt . Ha Ha Ha . I clidn ' t Jt'l( 'lln t:.l1;tt I <1:i rln ' L tl, · nk or your expc iment, Dr . I djdn ' t tnt : ; 1n Lo <·omplu :in . i':1.1 ·L uJ' tl1 (• 1'.11.r11• · · I'" ,, I'' I --- PAGE 74 --- r, , •:csj_ l_y done tha.r trying tu Ln1c:k 1:1. ,; •rtai n spot in the airglow because that mea ns that if your flight pat i s thi s way, y ou ' ve g ot to aim the spacec raft over he re and t hen you ' ve got to trac k it a long like this . I t would seem to me that it ' a easier to just put i t s ome plac e and h old it thee . MM-hmm. And cspeci n.lly f rom t be :pi l ot ' s s tandpoi nt when you ' ve got a guns ite or r·omething like it . mn i nto:Ln that apace cra ft es s entially wi ngs .leve l with . . . and ii' th pitc:b Hti.,itude ' s paper, you don 't have to wnrry u O\Jt t he t;rnnslntj_on FLc · rosG the . . . 'l'li.i. c j ., a q_u.csl.jon on hoth '.> ,rnrl 6. Tn terms o f" p re- warned subjects , like thiu ~ort of th 'ng . /\ lot of pr ·e -wurn cl au.b Jc<:1.,r; . 'l'o your e ye liow 1:ar 1,clow the !10 i zon could you .eel you could pic..:k up say 11 we a tli . r phenomenon . Now you ' re not l ooking Lh rough the atmosphere at somcthi gin the tmosp here . Do y ou fe el you 0 1 :ould see c.ay 10 be l ow tb horiz on '! Can y ou (:ome up with some e s timate there . I f you ' r e pointed head csscn t ·in.lly try the plane towards it so i t ' s ln y 01Jr winc low. WouJtln ' t ttri:_; dt ·pc r1d. 11pon wl1nt; t <-· J..l lic'ril)IDen n wu.s- •·uvv r·<· cl 11. ! COO m il :': llfl t;Jw ::i dv lii., •~; make i t more ' ,00 111i L r; I>r1 1;1,.. :;i( <' - I ' d ll0 ab!,· I. , ., c tl1:.tL at 10(_ below the horizon . Tl' .it. we're· ll .li11< · or Lll1wd1·r ·:;L 1·in: ; , .I t. lllnk p r· llably 20 or 30° . If :ro1i ' r ' lolil<.int: 1'01 · ~om<· 01 · the trdnr~:; Lh::tt we Wl c looking for at 30° --- PAGE 75 --- Uclt 15 7 l 1c.low (Jw l1(11·i·:,(Jr1, I l,f1rn111,ld, 1.h,,.I. 1,,,,_:: 'L p;ool p.1:,.r·i: Ln J1;ok f'e>r :an1dl ob- .1< :r·L r: . W'J1, , n w, · :llL.'J :'.Hwd.1 CJl,,)cr · Lo> tt1c:y hav e: Lu ttav h1.rge identifying fea,... Lures near them; mayb if we ' re going to start l ooking f or something like the . . . . . . . . . . . . ( could be a c loud ) -th Hcd fie , . 30° Jclow the ho iz on> I think you could proba.bly r3Lart; piclclne; j t 1.tp . 'fld.s is below tl1e: a pparent h o r i zon . This is below Lhc lor:al l1orizontul. H•ig} L. l\r:, to w-11t .r and land yrni cny ii, mn_y lie ?O t o '50° . As or . l ouds , perhap s abouL the same , 01· mayl>c furU-, r up ·t A little furth r up . Furth r up . To tell the di -rrercnce b. tw n a "'torm a nd jw:: t a s heaf that ' s so far ol'r tk1t y u can ' t te l l jf i ' s just, u ::,heaf or c.: louds or is it onestly a st rm nthcrin , . You r·P.c ac you f~ t farth r out th re . o0 bel w t he ho izon . . when you ' re l.ooki r11-'. J: i kc• tl1n.l, y ou ti.on ' L know Ll1c d.i r-rcrc111 ·<' - One degree cithe s1de (•o ver:: 100 ' :: 01 · mjlc" , co if.' you ,-~r·L rl1;ht wi1 below you one degree either :: :id<' cinJ y (' )VC r:i 1.t c·oupl rrd .I.es . : : . •i. f' you r,ct too l' los to t e hori- :1.on _y ou'1 ·( • •nJJ.y not; c· n tninr~ itny p i nt o tL t here . - 'L'loe puLnt !:; , :i r I r;ci.. 11v l'or say 5ct 01: 2 0 hclow the' horizon, would I.hat 1x: a /'.OOCl p la< :c: to /.;j V r.t man 11 v1 lue on to set up ·? J think 20() wo11. Lu lle ( (•;t::;i(.;) ", y s. ) J l;hink ';20() w u.l . . . . . . . • • • ?O . No . . . ..... - . . . . . .. .. . N<, 1; .i r· iL :..;ur< · i ,;n 't. M(ln· ,Lboul. a minute and A. half . Then he goe s . '(uu ' v,· 1-'.0L t;u 1•:1' t it nt: 1.11 on it. .at··1.v , ,11 ough L.,, l111ve the same kind not to throw ul.l .Y<)lU' w'l:jgl1t, l ' j ,J,li~ pi(' k ·i 11g .-u·ound mKL wait for it o a long t i me . --- PAGE 77 --- ... 'J . . . your re ul key , t ho ut~h 1 s t rio ir t titr~ you look a t i t it ' s pretty harr to find i t . As soon as you' ve gone b y it once , maybe mi ssed it once, the n ext time you c ome throu gh , y ou can give it up there at 10° if you wa nt . You know exactly what y ou 're looking f o r and you know what ' r: com · ng before and y ou v.o right up to it and get a Cn.u.,, you' r-c s Ly1n ~ nbout 30 to do t t1at or lt-'.; d own . r om the horiz on for 0 t rr-1.i.:J n ancl pcrhr:1.ps a l.i ttl J.'u.rU t _ r up f or wc t1. ther . . . . . 10 further up i'or· w - 1.1.Lher on a f:I rsl:;- on u. dw.nc:c basis t uri;;et of oppo tunity . I just wanted Lo 1-1.sk you thu t in your - part II of t h is - u nder the great and unde r the terr:Lal - what is t l1e r;;round altitude that you took 4 shots with the pitch down - I don't know if both of y ou were up or not . You pitched down and y ou fired a thru ster as a preliminary to t he experi­ ment on t h · red:i ncal lir;ht to see how much t he thruster flame would and c ould int r-fe:rc wi t t h e t:Lrget . I was jus t wondering what you actually obs rved on t h e: /\ny brigh t·,n ss of t he thruster and. e o -f."orth and if 1 t c: ou.ld have any err •r· t on l;h' l.Ul'.'f:'. ·t. I )nv c n I t f rn,u 1d. l'i photog r a p h Y .t . W-c.Ll on c Jmc t h:L1lg 11k · , you ' d b •I, Le l " n~nlly 1-~c l: ov er there and l ook for t hem be cause th ·y ' re ,.~o:iN< to tll.rll 011.t bal ck nd y our polaroid probably l s n ' t e:;oinr'. ·to pr-j_nt them. 'l 'lJC ,V ' r-e i n the ;l;-.1 e k-1w d-w}r i t . niJ .l , arcn ' t LJ1 ·_y? . . . . d.u eumc nL ouL ( ) JI t h e tap e . --- PAGE 78 --- .Lldt l'.; lG '!' hr..: 1 1 diiln ' L :pc ;.i.11.y pu.1·1.i,·Ic,s - - ::, ,.l.r· l Ii l. c!,; , >r· p1,r·l.i,:lc•:; l ' lullLir11-~ 1u ·., 11i1d . I ::,,i,w 1.11 • 11: lnv e 1-'.lo:i L ol'J' . 11. w1~:~ a ,1c f' i rij I.<: . 1111 1. ii. w,•.:~ 110 1. .smitlJ psr- 1. i cl(; :.; t'l o1Li .i1tG off 'l. 11c :.,pac ec,a t? Tl 1( : n : w,:rC' a I I k i rid:, . J11 il , .Y <> 11 li ~LV<~ 11,) /'.!~O111cLr i ca.l pi. c.: t1u· , ol' LJ1ese w! 1e n yo were out side I.! It.; :.; p: I.C C (; r:.1. 1' 1, . Wl1en _yt, 1t d.1trr1p the urine, you II 1 •• ·, · : 1 I Iv lic •:1111. i 1·u 1 . :,; n0w fl akes --- PAGE 80 --- 2 ul 1 ~,vc.:r . ;,i_i 11 i.om: 01' U em . And Lt, doesn ' t make any difference whicr. way t.iey are going but ou can see them come off by the wi ndow and they look like they are go ing off spheri cally , fr om what you can see . ow maybe they a e n ot goin g out the back, but I doubt that . n· you see them al any othe r t ime? Glenn mentioned that h e had :.:een L!tem , ice e:ryst,als ,h .Y wercn ' L a s so ci ated with such si tua- 1.·onc r:1.c t1i.3 - Y01 see a r·ryst..:d or Lwo go tJy _vcr-.y once in a wh'le . You k11ow, Lb i.JJk Lll:..1.L Lhe.se u :r c a:.::.:oe:iated wi t,ti systems in t he sp1:1.c <·raft . 'l'llc xltuus Yes , we ' v got, ,•~ water <.;ooler 1..1.nd I.lie wa te r :Jc parator and the suit loup lllt.mps i.ri 1..ltt. water anu Lh v1i.poro.tor , and t, er e ar e thi ng s going ove r bourd . .[ think th1:1.L i t might )e pret Ly obvious that L 1ey ' re f rom the space - r;raf1 , . 'l'hcy a r e going a way genera Lly . .L th'ir1k a point Lhat JJm made, and [ !,hink I ' v made i t clear , but nay be not , U1aL Lh 'Y wcr • ac 1,11u. ly goi n.g smaJ l end forward , actually , t lie l'ir · t. l. imc W<' w"rC 1:~)illg f'r-onl, r~nd forwar quite a · t , and i t 11)0],,•it I ik<: Lil<' :;l,re:trnl illcs wcr' t'.ninis back, arn you hought well l.i1:tl. i :; I.IH· v/lJ,.Y i I, ~,1t1-'.l1 t. L111HL l.ll t.t1)i111-'. :.:inn!. . end t'orw re :1.nd the stre am­ I i11 • :1.11tl I.I,•· Li 1,1, 1, , pu.r· l. icl •:: wt: l' !'.l>ing eqtu.dly as W<.:11 ti is way . ::n I k.1,,iv-1 1,hu,t, U1is i:, a l,IH.:u r·,y l,11aL :wnie p1..:up]' had Lhat there is <'r10111~lt )HJ.rt. i (' l L::; ev 'n in ti. ver·y r •d11ccll !'low area to cau se a stream- I inc: l,ut u.11p:ir,:11Lly not.. r:u r 1lw 1 Cu,1p,· r· ~::ii d lie L11ou1-';lll. Ll1n.t lie could tis i t as a yaw r efer - --- PAGE 81 --- Be;lt 16 3 'l'hc: 11,.t.r·Lic: I c•;~ c omi.m~ 011 . Lhe back . i'.1.tL 1.11 ·n we; :;aw U- 1 .L ,~ co1lld ~,,,b soJ utC;ly coul ,.i not use i t a s a _y1J.w .re;J'e r enc:c: . 'l'h1~ y w ·re go ing ::; tra i.gl it, 'o wurd . /\n,y way .vo 11 W1t vl<.lllld h;,1,vt• a pcr l'cctly black :;ly 1-1i!.h 1J.II Ll1cr_:u - wi t.h L111: s1m :;l1 i 11ir t/!: o n :LJl the s e par t icle s . I l. .,,,. t:; re:J.J pn:L l.y . /l1:.1.L w-r c: yoi1r Ll,0111'.h L:.; l't.- /'.llr Jlll/~ 1,1 tr-l . i 1: ·11a L i 11c: in th'-' oor ina. ed 1'. row1n - :::pucc:1·.r:tl' L •~>CJ>(;r•i.me:rtl wl ; r< : :; 1ml .hing 1: 1s to be one n 1,11 . 1~r,,und f'nnC" 11 cr<:ril, J,y w ll.l1 yoltr - dtJ i nt~ S (l11<.: .h ing else f r om .,he :; I ,:;.c ·1'€ : r-:.1.l' l. . I l.l1i11k _y,, 11 w1111i d lie :t!,!c Ln d o :; i1111l:ll1 i nc; l il, • Lhat . '{,>1 1111• J.11 l :t.Y i 1\/'. twl. p:d .l.,· 1· 11 :; ,in l.11<· 1'. r· u11nd r·u r· visual . t ll1 , J, · L ' :.: :: :i._y ::,·:t l.i11 1' . " l11 11Ti, · 1i 11t ' d r· :.:,)1111.:Lhi11;~ ;.;uch ns that where --- PAGE 82 --- ~E:lt 16 4 _yuu would vi.sually you WOl1l d oLse r vc something clown below you . We we re essentially oing someth i ng like that on our fl ight - on our f' ight plan , and we didn ' t follo w i t exac tly . We were gett i ng informa,ion f r om the gr ound on when to do ce r tai n thi ngs . We we r e r,::s nt,i:J.ll.Y ,Juir1t_'.; i,h r.i.t.. . 'l'I 1(.;_y Lu I cJ u :; ~,h 11 W(; w • r<; cuin i rig )v, • r· C:nrJa , 1t h11 r-r i c an ' , a nd the l111r-rj<.:nnr-; n1.1.m(; , e~i v : a.<.:r; ll1 in l. ::; ul' U1r: ~Kten siv L;]oud areas . .L L wa~ 1 nfort..un Le at t..hut. 1.jJnc i.. huu1.~tJ • trie r e w re no c.:haracter i s t i c c loud s i..ha L charuc te r i zed a t r opical s Lorm . '!'here was ju st a b ig ::::truct r e or c l ud mas s we took some pic t ures of i t . They don ' t ci ve you. t..h ' c i r c.:ulati.ori Lhu.t you would like to se e , but they <.:n11 tell yo 11 - tl1.i s is wtint we did on the g r o und t r ack ing too, t h e y 1,old u s wl,c ·c t..o Jook Lo p.ick itp <·c r-l:1.1..i.n tar gcLs . We Si tio11 v e.tSL!S aJ.L • tude . We llad to hange time and run ours ()WTl u l ittle it . As a mo.t't..er of f a t we got orbit tracked up Lli re which we couldn ' t rctLll.'f do a g r eat d.ea.l with o,tr o wn selves b ecause the or b it t r a ck J1 1i1l Li1'.1e u , , <;k r·i gl1L u.J.ong iL and we covld irn.le-µcnden ly know at a 1.irne when W(; were; r..:oinil w o v r ;in 0 11,jcct of in t.c re s t n th~ g r ound . 1,:r1 , di_d ,y ou ex:r>• ri.cncc any .iJT · cull..'f in operaUon o t he .. .... . .. .' Lili n<-lL :;11n, wl1 eLl1t• 1· we bud 01ie r two rlil 'fi c·11II.I•·:; wi l.11 jt,_ vJl1t~I! WV - I lir,111gl1L Lile' ,: rnne r 1:1. IJll kin and 1~:wc.; i I. l.0 ,J i rn, lie s uio 11t. .. .. . I ,1. wl11: n y ()11 l11 t r1 cl c.!d ii. I.,, Ill ' :;um• l.i 111<. ln.Le1 ·. --- PAGE 83 --- :Belt 16 5 :,ome t i me later , bu t we don ' t know whethe r we got gimrr.i ed around i n ,he s a ce craft or whether it wa s my big fat handed ·glove I tur ned Lhe wheel and ac tually tur n ed it about - you have t o turn it th i s way to find out what y ou turned it _ to an d I aJn afraid - of course J: he] d j t Ui • 3 ~,u.y and I could huve ci rnc that w· t h the hand on the v I t)t.:J< . '.:lo , Lit i.::: mi 1-~hL l,c urn.: :::ou.:r·,·< · u I· <.: rror- wh i.ch wo ul hav e bee n , Iii..: l.1.1 Ll,e 1.>1H..:rul. i.un 01· .i. L. i\no Lh, ; r- "nc tho ueh , t hat we had prior t.o tl1c Lim(.: t haL c >ntirn1<)llS tuk.lng plcLure s, the ins ide .shutt er (loesn L ba<.:1< - oc::m ' t op .n - :.;o y oI1 drop the J'ront s hutt e r all _yo11 ,,m.nt and you get a black J'rmn' :,.nd we go t, quit e a weries of b lack f'.rames on L11e 1':i.Jm . But thi~ may lie u. mechanlcr.i.l problem t hat we had , as fa-r as ope r ating Lhe c1.JJT1e r a , t.11e moun t ing of the camera on the gun l tself, made it difficult Lo ope rate . '1.' he s ame th · ng, if yo u had a crun.erc,. tl1a.L was j foot w.Ldc and one and one-half foot .Long it WO il l.<.J l;C! hu.rde r Lo OJ) :r-a. te . I reuJ.i.zc Ll111t . I ri i,j _cctl thut in oft(; of y our' shots from the space - <· nd' L .YOH l1 u.OO ; t,,ca11S1J wi h the recommended --- PAGE 85 --- 7 :~c, LL i n1 ~ I Li't." n.k .is abou L '.:>UO that yo u would have some type o f an underexposed someth ing yo can see ....... . I think so . Our measured success o f that camera hasn ' t been high. I 'm al'raid every time we med i t , j t failed . ()f cour·!;e we are getting fl l) , of the se thin{"s , but when we go t o Lr<1.ce Lhern own, we can ' t rr::nlly Li_e them down . We Ll, I can tie do'Wrt al;out ;; Limes for you . When the film in the td .ti Lwle chamber in exa<: Lly Lbut moue , the s hut Le r doesn't fall, Ll 1c mir.i:or in L11e l;ack doc,::;n ' t fal l. I L' s ~ ~ ) t a lmnd.le <.>n tlluL one and he discover d the r E:ason for i t . 'l'l1cy l 1ud i, I 1Ls c1uncra bcl. 1, u.L McDormcJ.l r igh t no-w . 'J'r c twc we had o u L 1e .f'.L.i ght . 'l'tie onE: we ha.d on Lhe fli ght and they a r e l ooking at H to see if the r e we r e any of tho se kind of' event f'r ames, that t hey found . I s t ha t the one - - No , the problem that the y found in the altitlJde chambe r was a b ent part, . But they don ' i.. know how it J';Ot bent , they don ' t, know what mude j L bc 11 , buL t.11cy· 1..1:r:e going Lo look at Lb.i.s came ra to to see i 1' l,li r:c wr 'rc n.lly of' tl1ose kin s o l" frames n.p11arent . I l.hi1 1k w-hul. i. " ul::;o 1- nl.e rcs Ll11g i ,l , me . I r emember l oking in the J. co1 J I c1 Looi\ at, t.tie ro I J o I" U1c or i c; "Lnn.l s e ()lte n(.;e and I think we r:uuJ Li ulmo;~ L Le I I Li' we ll n.d u co.mer.a fn.i.lLtre ur we h ucl an e xp osure I·a u .1a-C; . I11- r:a.11:.;1..! L.l1" 'x-posu ce fall11:r , you l1ad lt , :t'rom then on --- PAGE 86 --- 8 .Y<)1t1· J i c:Lucc: .~ 1-1<,ulrJ b<.: I; I ,J.<;k urilack . vlr.: r r.: 1, 1,<; l'r-:lJne:; ir1l.c rm i1, 1.t:n1.l_y thnl. ,tc r e blac:k on these ? , luL we J1nd .s me JierLutl::; uf l. imr.:: where 1.,;c1 was asleep and I di ' L huv' m1tcl1 Lu do, t:o I fo ol ed 1J,round with what things do i n :t.<.:ro g and 1 ulm sL had a pcrC'eci, conservation of energy until you relea·e an ubjecL and push it o:ff .in a c e rtain i rec tion , i t continu ed Lo r icoche, aroun the spacecraft unt il i.., c atche s onto a lever o r .i.t gets we ged in somelhi.ng, but iL doe sn ' t seem li ke when you drop u. ball on Lh e;round • L goes haem , IJoom boom, lioom , and finally c.: I.op" , t L is k.Lr d of l i.k, Lliat, . JI. keeps going - - - If you take ::,1meU1in~'. :iw l ::;pin iL , it . wi.n Ju"L "n.y th :r~ an d sp· n . I took •>t1r; of" L11r; l'i,rid L>1Lft1ut L.lii ::; long tnd a 0tt tha wid<: a11i11 . Wit.I , m> ,lu ·rense j n - es s enl.iall,v no /\not.11,•1 · i11 i.c:J.ticlll I observed , I had ,,. pi,·•~, or mcl.E.1.I Ll,nL w:l ' :-.:cr·e wecJ .>J1l,c i,l!c · n ··Lru.mentlition panel Uu.1.L lu.1.d it r·u1111.Ly betwee n 10 and 20, but again I wasn ' t looking out; all the time . No, so you really weren't looking f or a meteor, right? No , we sure weren ' t . And you have tor member, also they occur in a rather uninteresting place. --- PAGE 93 --- Belt 17 5 They don ' t occur up in th heavens , they occur down below you . This i s the area that you spend a great deal of time looking at i n t he night. You're looking up at the stars. We came to the conclusion that you looked at the ground in the daytime,' you looked at the horizon starting at night, and if you were looking some­ where else , you really didn ' t see much. You find out that sky, in the daytime you a.on 't see anything- I was just curious whether it would be worthwhile to spend a little bit of time looking sort of at the ground close to the hor izon and trying to count meteors in terms of finding out what - I 'm sure we c ould . Getting a count on. 0 It occurred quite low do,m . . . . . . . . . You looked down a t 30 and there'd be meteors ; at 45° there'd be meteors. Obviously well below you. Did they l ook any different from shooting star s from a baJ.loon? The t hing that I not iced about them is that they were short and I think this is probably because you're l ooking at them from above and the angle -­ the lengt h of them - of short , and. you ' re seeing them a s they come down through the atmosphere from above a nd so you see a line that's lonly that long from above . Up there it ' s only that long , and then when you look at them f'rom down below you see them .ome all the way down and they appear to me- 'l'hey ' rc probably microscopic . The random slope direction. ~.iometime s they ' re real 11ttlc tiny short ones and- 1\.nd I think the short on 'fl would. more be an indication that they were very d.im ones , b <;ausc the dimmer the meteor, the shorter the trail. Well that :..:c'rns r .u.aonti.blc . I' I, i' 1-,t • 'l : ,., ' I \ ,11 --- PAGE 94 --- Belt l7 6 But what you ' re looking at right here then i f it was dark. To tell you the truth, I think what 's more· important is the angle that you ' re looking at them at. Well anyway, we did see a lot of them. And they 're not difficult to see. And I don't think we were looking a t anythi ng that approaches a 7th magni­ tude meteor . You see we could see- Well, I was just curious whether this was the reason why the- , Much brighter than that. I didn't see any real dim ones. As a matter of fact , since we weren't looking for them, you know, we wouldn't have seen them. You look up there and you say "I wonder what magnitude star I can see" and you look around and you say "O. K., I know that's a 3rd magnitude and that's a fifth and then I see that one over there is dimmer than the fifth and that one's evan dimmer so t hat eventually you come to the conclusion that maybe you can see 7th magnitude . . . I saw those because I wa s looking for them and I could come to t hat conclusion, but I never looked out at them to see how dim a meteorite I was only seeing the ones that I was attrac ted to while I was l ooking f or something else . ~,o that might be 1:1. nice thing to ( a sk) . . . . . . . . . . . on the next (fligh t) . W 11, if you looked out for th m, you probably could see a lot dimmer ones . Dr . - . . . . . . . . . general ~uesti on or something? --- PAGE 95 --- Eelt 17 7 Do you remember on your consumption of oxygen . You shouldn't ask. That ' s a hard one for me to answer . I know what the flow into the suit was and.- Look, somebody might have given you the I don't believe that you could get that figure because you see it was an open roof system a nd.- What ' s not used goe s right on. I n fact, not only that, it comes in at a f i xed rate and it goes right over the sides. You can ' t get that when you ' re fuel i ng. Did you come across any unusual problem outside the vehicle that you didn't . expect? No. Here ' s one you may not want to comment on. Do you have any comments to make in r egard to the capability of putting man aboard and hide inside the vehicle , the satellite Without a ct uall y . . . ? Doing what? Putting a man aboard You mean go over and take a look . . . . . . . Sure. That's one of t he reasons we ' re doing this . You think lt 's perfect . Pull 11:p along s 1dc of it and go ever and take a look a t it . (You don ' t 1'oresc, e.ny u.nus®l probl ems, do you?) No. . . . the tumbling (mold) "l Excuse me? Even jf it ' s in the tumbling mold? You ' re goinp; to use some good judgment about what you do as f ar as going --- PAGE 96 --- Belt 17 8 . It 1 s the same kind of problem we have associated with the booster. We spend quite a bit of time ahead of time trying to determine exactly how much of t he tumbling b ooster we could plan to go up and take a look at and we finally came to the conclusion that it was up to the 1>ilot 1 s good judgment to approach the booster using his O'W?l j udgment on it. There just wasn 1 t a way to put a hand.J.e on it - well it's tumbling so many de­ grees and out of plane and you can go or you can 1 t go. I think if you see it, you 'll know whether you can or you cant . Is the problems connected with the difficulties in closing the hatch unidentified? They ' re working on those , I t hink. I'm not sure that they completely ompleted the case . I was asked to find out whether we have some lubricants in the very close cauldrons was contributed I think that kind of inf'orma.tion should come from t he systems people who have done a lot of work on it. Yes, t t ' i t1k . . . . . •.••• . •..•...•••••••.••.• Are the re any other general questions? Yes, I have one . In your effort to photograph specif i c objects on the groun, wh~t kind of siting devices - . did you use optical siting? Did you try at any time to use the reflex viewing arrangement of the 35 mm? uh siting deviL:e For siting '/ yes . We looked out through it but it was mounted in s uch a manner that you --- PAGE 97 --- Belt l7 couldn 't do any more than look out. You couldn' t aim at a particular point and correct for- No, because it amounted to looking over this way and then controlling the spacecraft back that way. In addition to that, you had up and down, which is worse. A redu ed . That' s the reason I a sked the que stion. I wondered i f you had used that paJ:rti cular thing and whethe r it was useful . You could see what you were looking a t, yes, but, controlling a space­ craft, no . I think you could have ma.de a little near - actually got around to t hat part of it . . . . . you did the firs t time . But if you wanted to t ake a picture of s specific ob ject, and one person was controlling t he space craft and the other person was going to take the picture, he could take the pictures when he saw them in the viewer . control the spacecraft too it would be a - One other point i s how accurately do you think you can point a photo-system with the optical site' Cert ainly with .:ta half a degree . Plus o minns half ad gree . robably l os than that . Maybe on the order of a quarter. Do yo u have a picture of the site agai n? No, we don't . There ' s a dt fercnce between the open bars on the site . Do you hav~ to go , Bill? No, I don ' t . I can give you n b tter answer if you come and as k me in a day or t wo --- PAGE 98 --- Iielt 17 10 when I get i t little l~t me: look clt the si te ~gain. 'fhe e ' s . . visual obse .cvati ons . Excuse me . Let m answer one mor e . Have you seen the tracking .film? No. Look 1t t at - you ould probably . . . . . p utt ing a grid on a screen . I coulw, whi< ·h :is like g oine to a movie th atre where yo1, ha.vc, it lJ LL.l e r :um t l,c>r ·e rtn( l t h 11 goi ng to (m . of tl1es wide- s reen one:~; . You l 11,vc• Lo L1a·n yo 11c lll:ad Ln :;cc it all . Did you 1·-·nvio1Jsl.y ..•..... or b t ween the slcy and the ground in the J'lnd irt l1ow w 11 yo,ir seeing conditions w .re compared l.o 1.lif, M rc 1u·y c t· ew ' s . llh -h1 l t . J\nd tl e i mplication that I get i thaL the i mplication is the same condiLion in the dayt ime with i errical probably becaus e of the way th spaccc r-aCt ·s shnped an mult iple scattered l ight . --- PAGE 103 --- Belt 18 3 I think you ' r drawing improp er conclus ions . o. K . I don ' t see why you say that the seeing condition s i n the daytime were extr emely poor . In t erms of visual accuity, for looking , for example at stars, -­ Well , how ab out for tur ning down &nd looking at objects on the gronn .. Now that ' s visual acc11 ' Ly , also . Yes . And ·1 thoup;ht it was oulstanding . Looking a L br ight obj ects , you ::,ee . Where you don ' t have a high contrast required . You mean on the ground they ' r e br ight , yes . The n ther e is a high contrast requi red on the ground . If you ' re l ooking out at a star, you know , you 've got a bright star against a black sky . That ' s pr etty high contrast . The same thing l ooking down at the ground . You ' re . ooki ng at a white road going across a u:rk. fi0 Id . Yo1 can e those 1.hi.ne;s . Y s , lrnt. t,IH' only :prohlem h re •i Lhat you 're l ooking thro gh a ha:G • o r n ·cattered lay r of ljght. ...... sc att ering illto the sp ace- crafi. or on Lhe window . For instance, the case if there's no scat.t. red (frost) on th spacec r a When tha disappears at nighL you can •·ec directly througl1 the window and yot r vis ual sensitivity goes up Lo a maxim m o:f (phot ogr aphication ) . Whict1 obvious y must have happened b ecause o the way things were . Lei.. me t. 11 yoll what I think . I .link there are so many things .he layer on the --- PAGE 104 --- Belt l8 4 windows , the light corning through, that I couldn ':t tell you whether there ' s anything that if I looked up above I could see an image, or not . But I t hink that possibly , if we could find a long black tube and a window with no film on it and some way of closing off all t..he liv,ht inside the spacecraf t , I fe el that maybe I could look t1p a.ncl T could have seen t he ulack sky ( and the stars ) . Yeah , we didn ' t have t.,hat , so I wouldn ' t draw that conclusion from what. I saw up t..here , All I can say is that you couldn ' t see up and see t he stars in the daylight because of' all the se other reasons . Now if you eliminate other reasons, I think probably you could . I wouldn ' t say f or sur e that that ' s r i ght . The point that interests you when you ' re talking about accui t y, is t o look down on the ground and you can see very small ob jects in the daylight . So t hat with one is (r esolution ) and the other one i~ sensitivity t o different l i ght levels . And I ' m talking about light levels from Gemi ni , i n terms of having a niosy background . I want.. you to be careful of the conclu sion that you made . You 've p;ot thre e 1.hinr~:.: !.hat you ' re obviously tryinp; to make conclusions out of', and 1 wunl. t,o be sure -t,ha1. you didn ' t make some of your own con c:l 11slon:; out ol' t..hc:m. Out of !.h.is Mercury, they have Mercury, and you ' :re p;oing t.o compa:rc Mcrcm·.v and Gemini observations and you Look Lhe insiu.e- tlie- spncecraft observat ions and said at night it was t-'. reat and. in the day time it was lousy . Well , in the daytime I didn ' t, reel it, was l ousy . I dori ' i, know what standa rd you ' re com­ parj ,,g it against. YoL1 ' re comparj ng it against Mercury . I think ,YO\J ' d be very car eful in d rawing that conclusion . Ancl 1.i1c11 L!H ·r·e ' ~ rwot l1e r ll.rc a that. you want Lo make conclusions on --- PAGE 105 --- Belt 18 5 and Lhat ' "" vision o tside the spacecraft , and I (can make a compari son betw en those t wo and I have al r eady ; but you can s ee clearer f rom outside the spacecraft . And I was quite surprised at this be cau se I had thr ee visors on : one of them was a left-hand visor which isn ' I, h p: 11 on OJr\,ica.J pror>e rt~ies f'..tnd one o • them which is a sun vl.:e very caref\ 1 ap;a.inst sayintJ, that t he vision out of Mercury was worse or e1.t r w· th r espect. Lo what we could sec out of Gemini in th day . At ni~ht we were ab1c to see and compar e hi gh magni tudes down to what we felt was 7th order magnitude sta re . (The only th ing that )bothers me just a little bit i s you s aying because Gordo said he could - he woke up in the daylight - pointed at the sky, he could tell whether it was day or night , and t herefore it was an airglow. Now I could wake up and tell whether it was a y or ni ght , too, but it wasn ' t b •<;au ae t here was any airglow. It was becaus e I had sun in the spa<: c;cr ft . And I think...... . Gord lol.l • n.w. . . . .. . . ........... .......... in the daylight . So that's the s ond inuic tion . --- PAGE 106 --- Eelt 18 6 Yeah} this is a unique situation. He happened to be in a situation where the earth was beneath and the sun was behind him and there was no light­ ning scattered into his window or anything or at least apparently the r e wasn't anything . He didn ' t fe el there was any and that he bad a good opportunity. There ' s only one datum ..... ( ·?) Two we re the re when they havc poor days. Shade on the windows. You know the stars are there; there ' s no question that they ' re up there and if we make th conditions right we can s ee them. Couple times I did see stars or planets or something in the daylight. I co~ldn 't tcJl you what they were, what magnitude they were at all . All I could t e ll you is that as we drifted around some random positions I could see some sorts of light oming through the window. I t hink the point that we tried to make also is we have been working on Apollo and we know that stars and measurement of stars in the daytime and the lighting conditions are very important. And on a routine operation in this matter, the stars weren't there . This is the observation that I felt I made and I think we've both been working in (guidance) . I think this is whut Jim was driving at also . I was looking for them in the day­ time becau::; I wanted to sc th m out there in the daytime; I didn't want l,O sec th m 'ln a cloud (Apollo' ). But they were n't there to the extent that J wm.uu 11 ke t,o b t.1.vc seen . As n. mnttr-r o.l' fttct thnt was one or the reA.l surprise s we bad. They just uren ' t out th<:r.. At lea.st they wer n 't out there in the configuration WC • • .•. You t .ca pnnsing star of a 1st or 2nd magnitude out there, that's not 1~o·Lng to ·· ck.µ;rotmd ( and the other artists should [pr;1,inL ] J.ik. U1at . ) I ' cJ like to ask CoJonel White what color was h .i s ( w::1.!,ch) ( uL sh ) .T st s · lvery whiLe ................. I suppose . . . . . . . . . . . . " Dr . (Acre )"- - I take i t yo would not have any tro uble findin e the sun i f you were to try orienting at som angle with r espect to this ..... . You w uldn ' t hav e t o do too much ,·e arching if you wanted t o l ine up with Lhc sun in orde r to ....• No N >. Yo1i can 1~ ne ally tell wh ·re it is by the brightness. The .:;rune holds Lr11e wilh ~ln (open lo.nd.ing). You c1n find it on tt1 way in . It's easier ·-r you ' ve got an att i tude rcfer cnc w· Lb iner1.ia1 rcferen e,3 working and you just go up ther e und s woop ,•t<.:ross Lhe sky and yon cn.n find it . nut if you ' ve got to /1; L l ip . • . You 'v e: ,~o t Lo v,o find i t w·tho11 nny refere nces (out in the spa.ce ­ r:r a f'L) , I 1;:ucs j f yo11 g t o n the l1ori zon an get a ll set and then start. a _pj 1.c11 raL , or somet'n • n{;: _yo11 o..;a,n 0 0 find it . ut when y ou 'r e dri f'L i n1 ~ rr·ccly ., u.nd you on ' L know 11rhich way is d own, you s imply end 11 p l 001<. i 111-'. 11 p a I. 1.hc :~k.Y and you cl o 1 ' t know how to get o the local 11 ir.izont..<.1.l--i I. rni (.'. ld. I>(, r · 1-'.llL t.hc r 1• ~n your _p lane here and yo 're --- PAGE 112 --- Belt 19 3 not s 11re 1m Li l _yo11 :-- LarL loo kJ n v, for it l i ke this and you can search around for a long Lime . You ca s arch a l ong t · mc ... And never get back do wn to the horizon, but if you es t ablish (a per rate ) wel l you can get the e . 'rh e b i g thing is how mu ch f u el you ' v p;ot. Lo expend . You ~e r'i b•:hL on the 'h orizon ancl p · c k up ...... Mi l ky Way we l l i t can help you ... we 1 you can geL I.here . The big 'Lh:i.ng is how muc h fu el you ' vc g ot 1.0 cxpr:nd . You get, ri gh t.. on t h e horiz on and pick up .... Milky Way, 1veJ. i L can he lp yo11 . Dr . (Ayer) , 1. think we ' re p; •t1,ing clos e t o time t o go home here In r e g a r d Lo your (me ter ) pror•:ra!l'I ( in your notes that y ou made in t he auditor ium ) c ould you mo.kc any re commendati on s a s t o the new make - up ot· th at meter progr am? I think Ed and I hav e a cormnon -recorrnnend ati on th at we don ' t f l y many mor e flights in GMI' and elaps e time at t h e s ame t ime . We ' ve got a oner al p roblem Lo kinda s ort all this stuff out , and I think we our~ht Lo r J.v Lhc s Lhings jn allot. - time s ... I think that ' s the one r: i.nv.J e r comm II a1.ion we ' cl muk, Llin.t·. s ands head and shoulders ab ove J ot.ber l' t,t1cm a:t'c' exactly ri.1I' t,h • pit, r1 ; u conLro I o r th e mm n t, und th pit ch . --- PAGE 116 --- Bel t 19 7 L, Lr1 i r. a. li n I 1. - j ckd, - :~ >Ck , f. t.yp0 oJ' .)unkhcwl or som<: ,hlng . rt. ' :; 110I. 1, 1>1,1.l 11nd c H:kcL , bid. 1;1. p i tch ..... f'o:r ho1ding a pitch atti - t.u Oh , or the a i r ~low. l•'or the ai:r glow yes . 'l'his 1✓ onld be for on minute phot 1~r t'tph i n g . Wow . T ' d haLe to be u You mechan j z' l t wiLh n low- speed .le tr oni dr j v e and a r heostR.t ­ Lype J r i v c or it . No . Mani ally . A manual swi vel , Let ' s d o sound effec t s f or the go od old Yeah ...• Elr oy T . V .' s char g i ng , you ' r e not going t o have more t han 20 minute exposur e o f nie;ht air . Ha Ha Ha We ' r e .,afe I.here , ar en ' t we . Ha Ha Ha A. swiv I sUck h,re in the right. coming out ; you hav e au thori ty t.ak ·n on 1, d .lff(•rc•nl, one . l,urr.v , did .vu 11 L 11 I k t.0 Lh m 11b ut l.tw North ern lights below the I trj c~rl. to . Oh , exec U.Pn L . xc I I nt . I ju:; L cove r .d fl f'ew I it LI(' l.hin g :,; and I surely would 1 i k e to hear .vour <'omm ·n t. s nb o1 1t t. I 1e um I would J o ve to , Venus . Yca.ci 11, "' w<' .r rc;tl I y imprc• sr;e<' . I.C'd Lhnt ·1 ' m !.ol:.; . It was pe r ec as far as --- PAGE 119 --- . Belt 19 10 experiments go . 'l'here was nothing hat could have bee n done to improve it . This is t he way the guider shows i t ; this is the way the mock- up ...... . ~ven the experiment you didn ' t have a very successful flight . . Ha Ha Ha . Well , we ' ve got how many more . ... 8 mor e to go, huh . Ha Ha . What , ........... . No , flights . End of tape . --- PAGE 120 --- "' Notes from the De-Briefing transcript eteors: Both cDivitt and hite 1 tioned seeing a number of rn teors bel w them: e sa quite a fe f all end burn up bolo our cltitude . 1hey wore bout on half to on third as high as re were hen they ere conswn d. . e /n er aaw one bove us . 11 { short d s if.,'() As the acco p',nyin..~ plots of numb rs of meteor a ainst the onths of thef r sho s the oun of meteor activity in e rly June is at a r ther lo p206 *Fig. l(Ro chta plot of Olivier data from S ithsoni n Contrib . t o Astrophys .N level, b1,.:gdnn to rioe very hortly alter that to rds ll peak in u ust . on th average from to altitude Re rdless of their bri htness/meteors ap or 40 and 60 miles/in the earth 's sphere. Bri"ht rn toors ares en to reach about 40 miles , rhereas wct8kkx lar e fireb· lls may still e seen as lo I as 20 miles or so . Th ver· , hei'.;ht th ou11.hout the ath is r ter for f aint r eteo nd for thos of h h v.locitie . Actually the hr' ht objects r lar er and hence tr vol further tofore they re conn d1 often tr veling fo r sev ral hundr d iles b for they r consum d. Planets The pilot re rked that"the pl ets or o clear nd br' ht , 11 nd later th t 11 a11 the sun"ets h d the plan t in it •" Th y have in f ct r corded Venus in the oriion bands on one of their sunset pictures . t thot date V nus Qllbc as still clos to the sun being (angul r dist;nce·t)Sup. conj . A r.11) bout 15de • cast of the sun (eve . star). On the color print S-65-34771 them ge of Venus can be distictly seen amid the horizon bands . --- PAGE 121 --- .. Zodiacal Light ~ Jae Divitt and ,hite ,ere taking 16 rnti. movies DK1u:d;i1Q5 be.fore one 11 capsule da m11 when they noic d ttie zodiacal light and described it u thus , "it was a shaft of light and a long tine before the sun came up. 11 On the ,round observ rs can note tho cone tot light in the eastern sky or • western sky after the sun has set and gone down about 18 de~~ ( about and hour after sunset or an hour before sunri e.) Pilots t 40,000 feet o~n follo it for a lon1er span since they are , rray from disturbing city lights • Condition of tho ii.do \ \ \ The G....n rlni optical window is quite superior to tho Jrcury indo,,. None- ~ the less the pilots note that 11 both their windows ere fog YJ" nd at one point durin~ EVA ,hite :rubbed his sleeve accid nt·-lly on JirllSs, ~dow smud~~na -~-o it - probably parti lly rcmvlinr the silicon ·D.m. --- PAGE 122 --- - ~ . --- PAGE 123 --- • I l :3 G MEASURE REL STATIC CHARG L y TAP · PLYBACK BLOOD PRESSURE (P) 3-1, 4-1 UPOAT S B 1~40 D EGRESS PREPARAT IO~ A U NS l"OW A r-..~D I,,\ TTACH UMBJL)CAL Y FITTING·~ EMER Oz PACK 1 ~ 50 MANEUVER UNl CAMERA ~, w - 2:00 ALIGN PLATFORM rn NULL REL VEL T 2: 10 A I N N 2:20 I e. .e. • f;. BL OOD PRESSURE (C) COMM G ~ 3: S-'f / / GO/ ~FOR EVA CHECK H I 11"" fl-f-b_,, ~ '}). / '/o 2:30 T _c)!.v---( DEPRESSURI ZATION 2:40 MAINTAIN PRIMARY O PRESS WITH MANUAL HEATER 2 (850 - 925 PSIA) C T CLOSE WITH BOOSTER N 2:10 H A w OPEN HATCH AND STAND UP 3:00 --- PAGE 124 --- c~. t, 3:00 EG RESS S/C G y T M E X C 3:10 N V INGRESS S/C CLOSE HATCH N REPRESSURIZE S/C T 3:20 ALIGN PLA FORM A 3:30 s C SEPARATION AV .-5 FT /SEC COMPLETE INGRESS I CHECKLIST 3:40 p J R f T A N N 3:50- .G H ~ D/T TAPE PLYBK T I 4:00 MEDICAL DATA PASS TYPE 1 4: 10 4:20 D/T TAPE PLYBK MEDICAL DATA PASS TYPE 2 4:80 --- PAGE 125 --- ~ 6:00 INITIATE TERMINAL REND PHASE A MEASURE ll.V REQ ID G 6:10 y T M E X C - N i 6:20 V CLOSE WITH BOOSTER A PHOTOGRAPHS DURING APPROACH N T 6: 30 INCREASE SEPARAT ON WITH BOOSTER PRIOR TO DARKNESS 6:40 rn N p I R 6: 50 E G T A H N T 7:00 7; 10 7:20 GO/NO GO FOR AREA 18-1 - 7:30 rn --- PAGE 126 --- 4: 30 G - y 4:40 T M E MANEUVER UPDATE X C N V 4: 50 A N T 5:00 ~ ,J., \, V c~vf". • r1( ,e)~' 5: 10 ALIGN PLATFORM m r/" ~. ."J -I ()~~ CLOSI NG AV ~ 13 FT/ SEC N 5:20 A I N G t 5: 30 T C R 0 5:40 ALIGN PLATFORM 5:50 D/T TAP PLYBACK C s Q MON TOR BOO TE RELEV :00 --- PAGE 127 --- 7;3u 0/T TAPE PLYBK 7:40 MANEUVER UPDATE 7:50 8:00 ALIGN PLATFORM 8: 10 N SEPARATION AV .- 5 FT/ SEC I 8:20 p G SEXTANT BOOSTER/STAR R H OBSERVATION T T A 8:30 FLASHING ,GHT EVAL. N 8:40 8:50 9:00 --- PAGE 128 --- NOMINAL GT-4 TRANSLATIONAL MANEUVERS HP/HA Point of After Direction Translational Application AV Maneuvers of Thrust Thruster Purpose SECO +30 5 Posigrade Aft SIC-Booster Separation 5 86/153 Retrograde Aft Station-Keep on Booster Beginning of 3rd Rev (3:33) 5 88/154 Posigrade Fwd S/C - Separation ·1 I 99 min. later 12.5 82/153 Retrograde Aft Rendezvous Maneuver ! (5:12) 4th Rev (Start intercept -1 76 min . later 21 86/150 Posigrade Various Terminal Phase/Braking (6:28) 5th Rev 106 min: later 12 93/150 Posigrade Aft Orbital Lifetime Adjust - ,5 days (8:14) 6th Rev l,5th or 16th Re] *~'rAdjust lifetime - 4 days 30th Rev 45th Re v 25-30 } Various Adjust lifeti me - 3 Ad just lifetime - 2 days days 62nd Re v +llO Aft Achieve OAMS Retrofire ( or 66th Rev~':) 1"': Lifetime Adjustments will be minimum requiried ~·: For Pacific landing + If available --- PAGE 129 --- 0:00 C N A NCH SEC0+30 S/C SEP-5 FT/SEC B V NULL REL VEL- 5 FT /SEC (340 FT SEP) D Y-AW 180° A INSERTION CHECKLIST 2-1 UPOAT 0: 10 ALIGN PLATFORM CNTL MODE CK COMM. CH CK 0:20 DUMP LAUNCH DAY U INE BAGS .SUlT Nr£GR-ITY CHECK K N 0 CH-E-CI'- A BIAS 0:30 0;4-0 NULL REL VEL WITFI 13UOSTER rn N I RADIATOR - FLOW I 0:50 GO/NO GO FOR 2-1 BLOOD PRESSURE (PILOT) G UNSTOW 'CAMERAS rn H T 1:00 1; 10 rn l: 20 CLOS · WITH BOOSTER ESTABLISH FORMATI ON FLIGHT PROCEDURE l :30 FCk EVA 'P'ASS BASED ON BOOSTER ANGULAR RATES m M --- PAGE 130 --- Dr . J . B. BlijfMf,R • Meta llurgy DE VER R SEARCH INSTITUTE UNIV RSITY OF DENVER ox 87. 6, Denver, Colorado 80210 --- PAGE 131 --- \ Cf!- Lf P:1/~ , ~ - kl--,__ - Rik- f --- PAGE 132 --- Astronauts Track Missile in Space In 'Typical Day' Aboard Gen1ini 5 By Howard Simons and appeared to have mas- man missile from Vandenberg Washllliton Po• t Slat! Writer tered the temperature-regu- Air Force Base in California. HtOULSTOGN, dAug.C24-ASlJro- lating mechanism, which was 'Ihe 65-foot Minuteman was nau s . or on ooper r. . . th ' and Charles Conrad Jr. g1vmg them e chills and launched at 12:37 a.m. (EDT), ~ spotted, tracked and photo- c_auslng then:i to shiver, par- as part of a missile combat i graphed a Minuteman inter- tlcularly durmg sleep. crew training mission. Shortly continental ballistic missile AS t ronaut Ja_mes McDivitt after the ICB 1 was off the ~ launched from California to- ~alled ~t a "typical" day, dur- day as their Gemini 5 space- mg which the astronauts were pad Conrad spotted it. . . f craft orbited the earth. catching up with their experi- The Minuteman was flying t "I see it, I see it!" Conrad ments. Some of these were a path 155 statute miles north shouted as the missile succ"ssful; Others were not. of Gemini 5' path. The point 1 streaked through space on its Cooper had repaired his of closest approach to the 1 way to a watery target in the faulty reticle, or gunsight, spacecraft was 201 miles. At Pacific. which helped the astronauts the time Conrad and Cooper 1 For two minutes the astro- better to pinpoint targets in tracked the missile, they were 1 nauts watched the Minuteman. space .and on the ground. 125 miles above the earth'sc; sur- Conrad took six pictures of Hence, they took a beat-sens- face. 1 it. At the same ti~e, an _in- ing measm:emenJ of the star Questions Rai ed 1 !rared or heat-sensmg device Deneb, which they were un- 1 recorded the kind and amount able to do the day before. The The fact that the hcat-sens­ of heat being emitted by the astronauts also have photo- ing measurements and the solid-fueled ICBM-a thousand graphed the mysterious zodia- photographs of Minuteman of which constitute the bulk cal light, which is thought to and other targets are being • of America's strategic nuclear be a backscattering of light conducted for the J:?efense De• punch. from dust orbiting the earth. part~ent has raised some Conrad and Cooper con- . . questions here. tinue to circle the earth in Trouble m Spotting The problem, essentially, their fourth day. They have Attempts to see giant 2000x seems_ to be th_is: already been granted permis- 2000-foot eye charts on the ~a!,i~nal policy h:is cast the sjon to continue their journey ground near Laredo Tex activities of the National Aero­ for anoU1er day and Gemini have been less successful. Ai: 11:aut~cs and Space ~dministra­ ojficials see no current prob- though they could see smoke tio~ m a peaceful light. _Great lems that might foreshorten from smoke pots set out to care h~~ been taken to divorce an eight-day mission. If all help t!lem pinpoint the Laredo th e m~li~3!Y aspects of space goes well, the astronauts will charts, they first missed the from ci~illan program, notably , pass the four-day mark at charts altogether and then saw sp;ie f/;t~t e:~orr . r o u g h 1 y 10 a.m. •(EDT) two that they misidentified. . e n th ° m ormat10n be- Wednegday. More visible to the orbiting mg ~a ered by Cooper a~d " " " . ., sightseers were contrails from Con~ad. does have po~~nbal Dull and Typical three airplanes near Jackson- application for the nuhtarr. Today was variously de- ville, Fla., "and all the streets The challenge, t~erefore, 18 sen"bed a~ "du ll" , ''typ1ca, · l" i·n 1·t (J acksonv1-11 e), an d th e Whether them"lit preclude all Nat10n •should tT and "busy " Cape (Kennedy) and all the . . i ary sei_en 1 ic - • d t l\". •., and engmeermg expenments Flight Surgeo_n Ch a r le s way own o ~m~u. from ASA's activities Berry charactenzed the day But the experiment that • as "dull,'' which he explained caused the most excitement Chronology of astronauts' is "a good day" medically. was the successful tracking by fourth, day in orbit. The astronauts were "alert" the astronauts of the Minute- Page AIO. --- PAGE 133 --- y THE WASHINGTON POST Thur5dar: ~~'· 26, 1965 All Water Excess Forces Cut in Gemini's Power ical Storm Doreen in the Pa• 111 a Washlnc to n Post sta.H Writer Conrad will have been in tinuously, ran out of gas. Just astronauts are expected to the skin sensors in his suit Conrad was told to get some Weather Burea~ HOUSTON, Aug. 25 - A space longer than any other how much this reduces the land in the Atlantic Ocean were more irritating than the sleep. cific as an experiment for the . The 66th or~, ~:h b~a: 1la\1ari'an RESTAURANT J .. new problem aboard the Gem• human. When the astranauts value of the experiment is not off Bermuda at 10:27 a.m. bear~. "~ete's ~pressure) ,cuffs at 5:2: Ptn;·:02 ~ th w68fh Celebrari,, - ini 5 s~aft and a new pass Cosmonaut Valery F. yet known. Sunday. are 1tchmg him a lot,' he 65th Orhit-3 :50 p.m. ~nnina t 8_36 e tly y~ ' . Bykovsky's 1963 endurance Discussing another medical noted. egi g _a • •. apparen 727 11tt,,. Amer1can.--t11an-in-space record record of 119 hours, it will also matter Dr. Berry said there Round-by-Round Story . 9 29 Cooper photographed Trop• were relatively quiet. ~o~inatef tooay's orbital ac- ~ark the first time that Am_er- was absolutely no concem over Of Gemini. 5 Flight 61st Orbit- : a.m. tivities fl astronauts L. Gor• 1ca has wrested a ma3or the fact that apparently only Cooper and Conrad watched ar.: don Cooper Jr. and Charles manned space flight record one astranaut has had a bowel HOrJ_STON, Aug. 25_ (UPI) the firing of a. rocket sled at Conrad JJ'. from Russia. movement over the last four Here is a chronological OC· Holloman Air Force Base, Too much nondrinking wa- There were these other days of flight. Indeed, accord- coun! ?f the activities of the N.M. "There it goes, we see ter is t,dng produced by Gem- highlights today: ing to Dr. Berry, the astronauts Gemini 5 Astronauts: it!" cried Conrad. "We could ini's fut1 cell ,and threatens to • Cooper and Conrad saw could maintain their present . see it very well, we were right flood the power-producing and recorded a second Min- regimen for eight days with- 56th, 57th Orbits on the money with the track• cell. --To stem the flow of ex• uteman intercontinental bal• out ill effect. No voice contact was estab- ing," Cooper reported. Th e cess water, Gemini officials listic missile fired from Cali• Fu 1 C 11 P bl lished with the spacecraft dur· astronauts used infrared de- decided to reduce the amount fornia . They also saw and re- e e ro em ing its 16th orbit, which begao tection devices to measure ra• of J:!(>Wet used by the astro· corded a rocket sled test at As for the f~el . cell wat~r at 1:30 a.m., and during the diation from the rocket's en• nauts fot experiments. Hollomon Air Force Base in PI"?blem, what is mvolved is 57th the ship's track took it gine. Flight Director Christopher New Mexico. And, after sev- this: out of range of most of the Columbus Kraft does not re- eral previous and unsuccess• Fuel cells convert oxygen tracking stations. 62d Orbit-II :03 a.m. gal'd the problem as serious. ful attempts, they got a good and hydrogen gases into elec• . The asta-onauts still will be look at the aircraft carrier tricity, heat and water. The 58th Orbits able to orbit for eight days. Lake Champlain. more power the fuel cell is With both astronauts awake, bit, Cooper _and Con~ad They still will be able to per• "I can see her turning big- asked to produce, the more Gemini Control at Houston re• spotted the i::craft ~arri~r t •I fi .At the begmnlng of the or• form their planned experi- ger than heck,'' was the way of these byproducts it pro- layed a long list ef experi- ~ake C':13mp stellJ!Ung m ments. What will be limited Conrad put it. duces. ments for them to perform. circles in the Atlantic near in the remaining days of the • The astronauts took some Similarly, lesser demands Cooper reported that the tight Ber.muda. At the end of the flight are extra experimen~ pictures of Cuba. "Just scenic for electricity mean lesser schedule was still hampering o~it, they wat~h~d a second ~,, , j that might have been added shots," said Cooper. They also amounts of water and heat, performance of experiments. Minuteman m1ss1le. launch to the space flight plan. photographed cloud patterns, too. This is why the Gemini from Va~denberg Air Force thunderstorms and, on request officials have taken a "con- 59th Orbit--6:19 a.m. Base, Cahf. They were unab~e New Space Record . of tsU.St.hWeat?edrtBurheautoscienh- servative" approach and or- "We would like to request ~f tracdk thed.roctiket dont tht_eir ; The new record established tis • ey tr1e . o P o grap dered the estrona)lts to use that we keep everything to a m r~ ra ia on e ec ion by Cooper and Conrad rough- the eye of tropical ~rm Do- less power. minimum in the evenings," equipment. \ ly at noon (EDT) today, in reen rou_~hly 200 miles south Because the fuel cell water Cooper told fellow astronaut Conrad repor_ted .~e s!eP,~ \ G-emini 5's 62d orbit, bested o\Haw~:i- f ·1a a· f rt is poor in color and taste Elliot M. See Jr. "We, for six hours last mght m bits. f that for duration of an Ameri• n spi e O nu . !scorn ° and high in acid, it is being some reason, are havin,J trou- 63d Orb" -12 •38 , . can space-flight • brought on by 1tchmg, con- used to press upon a plastic bl 1 · " H tinued cold a d sleepless e s eepmg. id e sa no se I It • p.m. , The old 11" e cord was set . n bladder containing the astro- from the experiments posed a Cooper made the flight sur• early in June by astronauts nights, , Cooper . a~~ Conrad naut's normal drinking water problem. James A: McDivitt and Ed· were sind ~ ~. m ex.tremely supply._ But the fuel cell is ward 1,Vh1te who stayed aloft go~d co~dition by K.taft and producmg more water than 60th Orbit-7:54 a.m. better since we got our suits for 97 hours and 37 minutes, chief flight surgeon Charles desire~ an~ official~ fear :.f Gemini Control relayed oon off." The surgeon quickly I geon's heart flip by remarking onchalantly, "We feel much From the Control center Berry: the situation contmues, a gratulations to Cooper from realized Coo~r was joking. here, McDivitt radioed the Relief for some of Conrad's back-pressure could result and his wife Trudy on passing the Oonrad was a]low~d to remove orbiting astronauts: itching cam~ when h~ ~sked flood ~1;1t ~e fuel. c~ll. total space flight record of 119 some inflatable pressure cuffs "Let me be the first to con- for and r~ce1ved perm1~s1on to Anticipating a suntlar prob- hours 6 minutes, counting his around his thighs. lie said gratulate you on setting a new cut the t!ght pneumatic cuff~ le~ ?n longer flights, Geminl artier orbital flight. they "itch pretty bad" an a American record for manned around his thighs. Tb~ expel'l- ~ffm~ls already ~re develop- Bad weather over Laredo ere not working anyway. spacecraft." mental cuffs were designed to mg filters that will make the ex forced cancellation of a; An even more impressive counter the effects of weight- fuel cell water dean and tast est·, on this pass of whether th Orbit-2: 13 p.m. record will fall to the two lessness on the cardiovascular for drinking. e astronauts could spot huge Cooper reported he and Americans at about 9 a.m. system. But the ~ower supply Finally, Gemini officials . eye charts on the ground. onrad had completed all of Thursday. . for the_ cuffs, which automati• nounced tod~y. tha~ barring Cooper reported that he had the day's assigned experi- At that time Cooper and cally tighten and relax con- unforseen difficulties, the seven hours of sleep. He said mcnts except one. The space• :==;;;;:;;=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;..================;- his beard was itching, but that craft was powered down and --- PAGE 134 --- f ] 0 Fednudoy, Au,. 25, 1965 THE HowItWenton Gemini's4thDay On thew Gemini 5 spa.ce- 43d Orbit--4:50 a.m. landmarks near Dallas was The astronauts said they flight 11eaterda11, Aatronauts The spacecraft made contact abandoned because of a cloud took about six photographs of t . Gordon Coopff Jr. and with the Camarvan, Australia cover ov1.>r the target area, but th fl.yin rocket d ad Charl'1s Conrad Jr. sighted a tracking station and flight ot>'. the astronauts insisted on try. e g an m e Minuteman launching and server Chuck Lewis g th Ing the experiment later. infrared measuremenw of Its repaired an important sight- ing q,tem aboard their craft. astronauts landing /ve ment data f "We're going to pick a good exhaust plume. an expcr • site somewhere over the U • Conrad a~ spotted Hollo- Following i., a chronological • and get it because we're all man Air Forte Base, .M., and account. 111 compiled from !'ews di,pntches,. with . times th Orbil-6:27 a.m. ri~~i~r !!;~~nr:e'!x,S::!i a e:e w~~1J°!:r With both astronauts wide few minutes later the men As they ended the Ol'blt, the f::!:'. 1n Eaitcnt Da11light Tune. awake and the spacecraft pass- were able to get a picture of astronauts had their radar _.n.L Orbit 12 •05 ing o~er the United States, a ship west of Bennuda. trained on Cape Kennedy and ....,._.. - • .m. Gemini Control at Houston re- reported they were able to The palr drifted qUletly lnto layed instrument readings and 4 7th Orbit-11: 12 a.m. keep in touch with ~ Cape the 40th orbit with Conrad ecrew. periment directions to the As Gem In1,.., approac hed Ca•l longer than expected. a leep. Dr. Duana Catterson at This exchange between com• lfom!a, a Minuteman missile 48th Orbit-12:47 p.m. Gemini Control in Houston municator David Scott an was fired from Vandenberg Ir reported the astroriauta bad astronaut. and Conrad 'took Force Base. Calif. Cooper and Conrad zeported place· At an altitude of' 125 miles, they were getting "•om e consumed 13 pounds of water Se~tt-"Okay. You look real Cooper and Conrad got a fine strange readouts" from their each, "pretty nearly an optl· good here on the ground. Do view. on-board computer. Officials mum curve for water intake" you have any questions on the Conrad: "I see it, l see it ... said the signals were not a • experiments?" Hey Gordo! Right through that cause of "major concern." but I Orbit-I :38 a.m. Conrad-"No. I'd say we got bole In the clouds. There be would be watched closely. l a full day J hope we can get goes, bigger than heck." Cooper and Conrad finally Conrad continued sleeping them all· done. How's the Cooper: "Yeah, we saw him spotted the checkerboard eye sound]y and only one contact we-ather back there in Hous- going •way out above us." chart laid out near Laredo, was made wltb ground track- ton?" The Minuteman, climbing in Tex. Ing station during the orbit. Scot&-"Oh, It's real nice. a high suborbital arc, came • 42 d Orb ,.......3 • 14 Just hot and sunny as usual. within 200 miles of Gemini 5, 9th Orbit-2 .22 p.m. D it • a.m. No rain in particular. Just Space Agency officials said. Space off I c i a Is on the I The quietest orbit or the once in a whUe a little thunder- Conrad reported he sighted ground noted Cooper sounded night thus far, in terms of storm." space. to. ground communica- onrad-"Rog.'' the Minuteman 10 seconds "Just a wee bit tired." He was after launch when it had given a long updating on the Uon. For a '70-minute period tt-"Say, we've noticed pierced the overcast. The Min- flight plan and waa told to the spacecraft was out of voice that the temperature up there uteman peaked at an altitude watch for the Kilauea volcano contact range. Conrad was still is a little cooler than we ex• of 575 miles and headed down in Hawaii on the next orbit. asleep and Cooper bad a meal. pectcd. How's your comfort?" the Air Force western test The astronauts hoped to meas­ Cooper aaid he had reassem- onnd-"Cold, We a.re tak• range over the Pacific Ocean ure the Intensity or infrared bled a defective reticle "and It ing the inlet hoses off' our to hit a mythical targel radiation from the volcano. worts fine," The reticle ls a suits every once in a while to sighting device necessary for warm up. It has been quite tbe success of a number of cold." Gemini 5 experiments. Chief Flight Director Chrl • topher Kraft Jr. said good t==========:__-::- morning to the astronaut and told them, "You are doing a good job up there." Conrad-"l'll tell you one thing, Mr. Krall Gordo' beard is white. Kraft-''A Rip an Winkle, eh?" Conrad: - "Nope, Santy Claus." Cooper-"Boy, putting those two coolant loops in the circuit really cooled it down. We both have been sitting here shiver­ ing for the last few hours." Kralt--"Tum the valve to warm and it ill shut off the flow completely. We will mon­ itor on the ground and let you know lf it gets too cool" 45th Orbit-8:03 a.m. Cooper bad a meal consisting of orange dnnk. spaghetti and meat, butterscotch pudding, touted brea:t cubes and cbeeee sandwiches. He said he saw three airplanes approaching Jacksonville, Fla. He and Con• rad saw smoke signals sent up near Laredo, Tex., to help them find a huge pattern of white gypsum )aid out on the ground, but the)ll could not see the pat­ tern. Fellow astronaut James McDivitt told the men they could go at leut 82 orbits. 46th Orbit-9:35 a.m. An attempt to photograph --- PAGE 135 --- I A6 Tuwlay, .lag. 24, 1965 THE WASHI lGTON POST Staking of Claims Disposal of Body Waste GEMINI-From Page Al On Moon Ruled Out A•OOCl&ted Press Is Easy for Astronauts Gemini MakesPrecision Maneuvers The Government has some advice for would-be moon homesteaders: For- HOUSTON, Tex., (AP)-Dis- semble deodorant pads and f posal of body waste is no prob- ace c O s. . 1 th The pads are treated with a I looks very good for eight days prove useful to the military and there is nothing that says for sate 11 it e inspection in get it. "The moon belongs to the world, not the first ar- lem on the space trip of astro- nontoxic disinfectant that has nauts L. Gord0n Cooper- Jr. no odor but does clean and is and Charles Conrad Jr. lint-free. it shouldn't." space. rival," said a spokesman A plastic bag with a new- Cooper and Conrad will re- In a mishap on the ground, The radar evaluation pod, for the National Aeronau- style adhesive lip is used for semble grizz_led ~ld prospectors trouble developed in a com- which was to have played a tics aDd Space Adm.iniSt ra- collection of feces The adhe- because scientISt s have_ not putcr memory system at Gem- significant role in a Gemini 5 tion. sive provides a se~ure attach• fou_nd a way to get rid of ini 5 mission control late to- rendezvous attempt on Satur- "We assume th at any ex- ment to the body. whiskers. day, but was cleared up with- d. ay, 1·s -..xp _,,. ected , to plunge ploration there will be A germicide inside the bag • in 11 minutes. mto the ~arth s . ~tmosph~re handled on an interna- prevents the formation of bac- Fa1"nt1"ng Possible . . and a fiery d1smtegration tional cooperative basis t . d The f3:ilure m the memory during the .evening of Aug. 26. much like that in Ant- eria an gas. syste~ did not adversely :affect Today, Gemini officials indi- arctica." . After use, soiled items, toilet At Orbits' End the fhght. It developed m the cated that if they knew on Over the years, how- tissues and ,a wet towel are histo_rical. data dru_ms,d 1 whichf Saturday what they know ever, many Ameri cans placed in rolled is sealed, the bag,andwhich tnen stowed in A B O A RD USS L A KE provide mstant 1sp ays o now it might have been pos- have contemplated a life empty food container spaces. CHAMPLAIN AT SE~, Aug. flight trends. sible to have carried out their beyond eal'th. Some even The bags will be brought 23 (UPI)-The physician for After the problem was original rendezvous plans with filed claims with a county back to earth for analysis. the Gemini 5 astronauts solved, personnel, who had the small pod. recorder, listing the moon Urine is disposed 01 with an aboard the recovery carrier calculated lost data manually, Since Saturday, ground tests or part of it as their own. adaptation of the relief tube . •. programmed the trends into have shown that would have system currently used in mili- Lake ~ham~~am . s~!d , today the drums. The drums store been possible with the amount1---,---------- tary fighter planes. there 1~ a possibility they flight information for 12 hours, of oxygen available on Satur- Tooth-brushing is just that. may famt when they leave then are erased. day. What the officials did not Venus H e a t The brush hangs on the space- t~eir capsule at the end o! The failure occurred at 6:23 know at that time was when craft interior by means of the eight days. . p.m. (EST) during the 37th the falling pressure in the material used as fasteners O-ll Dr. Howard Mmners said orbit. oxygen would stabilize, if at H e ' J Caused golf gloves and women's. they might experience the As for the astronauts, their all. UI, purses faintness a pe~son feels who day was filled with experi- Nonetheless Gemini offi- There is no toothpaste on has been bedridden for some ments, sightseein~ from space, cials obviously are delighted and some complamt. with their ma1reshift simulated By Snowfall board so the astronauts squirt time and first gets to his feet. their 'mouths full of water, "The treatment is simple," , · ""\'. - d brush and swallow. said Minners. "Lie down." He Coopers Complaint rendezvous carried_ out to_ ay. BLACKSBURG, Va., A.ug. Washing after each of the called the faintness "ortho- The complaint came from It involved making believe 23 (AP)-Venus, the --red hot day's four meals is done with static hypertension'.)> NASA Photo from ttPI Cooper. In a brief flare-up of tha~ an Ag_ena. rocket was aL planet between the earth and wash pads and towels that re- - - - - - = : - - : : - - = ; - - - - - - Mrs. Charles Conrad Jr., accompanied by and gets a first-hand view of the progress irritability, the normally la- a given po~nt m space-act~- the sun, is almost as hot on West Va. her father, Winn DuBose, sits in the view• of her husband's flight aboard the Gemini conic astronaut said the flight ally the pomt a real A~ena is its "black side"-the side away - - -- - - - - · - - - - Ing booth behind Gemini Control Center 5 spacec:raft. planners were not giving the expected. to be at. d~rmg tJ:ie from the sun-as its lighted - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - -- -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - -~ - - - astronauts enough time to get f<;>rthcommg ~emmi 6 mis- face, and it is kept hot by their chores done. "We can't sion. Then, usmg !adar data snowfalls, a Johns Hopkins Chronological Account of Orbits get the equipment put to- !~~dsg!~~:~;;~~o~,mi~~~: U:?iversity theoretical physi­ g_ether and torn apa:t by the instructing Cooper and Con- cbt speculated today. . . ti~e they are putting these rad to maneuver on four dif- . Dr. John Strong, a pioneer thmgs ,,n- The astronauts powered up· Indeed, today an Air Force spacecraft can alter that incli- search. began a long sleep. Ground trol m thlS conversation ~!th their equipment and executed spokesman reported that the nat~on a!ld, hence, change Later this year, he said, an- Control said the flight "looked astir~naut James_ A. McD1v1tt, the first of four blasts from astronauts had recorded more their orbital pJane. other balloon carrying equip- real good." m ssion communicator at Hous- their maneuvering rockets to than ton· . an hour . of rad1·at1·on data·• ment from his · laboratory is · . c·ooper: "You might have a change their orbit and bring infor~ation on the_ amount Police Reinforced ~xpected_ to bring back more 27th Orbit-3:31 a.m. little talk with the flight plan them into theoretical rendez- and kmd of heat emitted both mformation on the character- The orbit • began along the ning people. They're filling us• vous with • the phantom Agena, by dobjects b. of nature. and man- d After Ramleh Attack istics of Venus • west coast of South A~eri~a just a little bit too full We whose track was being pro- near the equator. While his can't get the equipment nut to- grammed by a ground com- 0 g ~!\~u~Jts-m space an on • d b. t . TEL AVIV A Reurers He told the conference the R . automated, unmanned baloon companion remained in a gether and torn apart in. the puter. By comparing the lat- . ne man-ma e O Jee in par- 23 , ug_. - em- is much preferable to the deep sleep, Cooper made con- time they're putting these ter "."i~h the actual track of ;~1~!:\i~e tact with the Canary Island things together." Gem1m 5, Control would later !~: ' 11i::!i:r:Ja~u- :oure~ ~e iowns~p 0 : :am~ manned vehicle; _also that a . . Y oure e wons P O 11:ID balloon gondola is never an tracking station and con- McDivitt: "Okay. Gordo, I'll estimate the closeness of the th~ aStranauts for its heat Sig- leh,thwhere a ckrodwdt~f JeAwishb easy base from which to fix on ducted a successful purge of take a check on that I simulated linkup. naTuhre. A. F k you ts atttac de e ra and track a planet like Venus. the fue1 ce11 oxygen and hv th· k f h t1· h. •1· .,- m one O t e ig t Pan- . e 1r orce spo esman quar er yes er ay. noted from a preliminary an- The youths attacked the D Di k B r. c di t rouwer, rec or dro~en_ systems. He aso made ning problems, ~ordon, is 33d Orbit-12 :56 p.m. alysis that it gave off roughly Arabs after the funeral of a of Yale University o~erva­ penod1c chec~ on _electx:on that the weather 1s not too Cooper and Conrad per- as much heat as had been an- Jewish youth killed on Friday tory, spoke on the orbits of and ion flux mteracbon with ?"ood todal-'., so they are tr~- formed two more rendezvous ticipated. in a collision between his mo- Mars and Venus. the spacecraft. mg to . stick them (exper1- ~aneuver:s. The command This is the first time that a torcycle and a taxi driven by He was aske~ by report~rs 28 I1 O b1't-5 •05 ments) m where,, they have p1lot spot~ed a ~uge cheeker- space object has been studied an Arab. Some 12 Arabs were about speculation about life t r • a.n~. good weat~er • • • board design laid out on the in this manner by Americans injured in the attack. Police on Mars. Coo Per ate a substan~al Cooper : Yeah, w~ll some of ground near Laredo, Tex., as from space. Such infrared or said today they had arrested "Cross it off," he answered meal of concentrates of chick• these - • • were Just bang, a test of the astronauts' abil- heat-sen.sing devices could 22 of the youths. with a laugh. en and gravy, bacon and eggs bang, bang right together. We ity to see from more than 100 and chocolate pudding. Con- just can't do them that close miles in space. rad continued to sleep. together. That's rather poor; ---------------- 111-1-1-■-■-■-■---.-.-..---;---- ~ __ . • planniJ?-g:" " ,. ·i 34th Orbit-2 :31 p.m. 29th Orbit-6.39 a.m. McD1v1~t:.. Okay. The astronauts completed Conrad woke up and had Conrad. We got to watch-the make-believe rendezvous the f O11 ow ing conversation these le~s changes. \~e got attempt and learned they had with the Canary Island track- every piece of_ gear m t~e come within two minutes of ing station: spacecraft floatmg around . m being in the right spot at the Surgeon: "You're pumping ~~~e. We can't keep up wi th right time. Then they turned full scale. We have a good it. . . " ,, off much of their electrical blood pressure . .. Giye me a McDivitt: Roger, roger. equipment, successfully per- mark when you begin exercis- The~ ~ate~; formed a routine test of their ing " McD1vitt: Hey, Pete. Gem- fuel cell system and settled Co d· "Sta d by- mark,, ini 5 Houston here. Why don't down for some' sleep and S nra • . "W n ha e a go~d you make a few comments for meals. urgeon. ~ v the better sex." blood pressure. Conrad: "Hello there. We 35th Orbit--4:07 p.m. Conra~: "Roger, t?e c~m- just passed over Tampico, \Vhile Conrad slept Cooper mand pilot (Cooper) is takmg Mexico." · ' his two-hour period nap now. M D.I .· t t· "P t p t snapped P1«:tures or se~ected . t c vl • e e, e e. landmarks m an experiment The pilot (Co~rad) slep _abo_ut Jane's up here. Why don't designed to help future astro- 4 hours ~5 mmutes o_f his ..sJX- you say something?" (Jane ls nauts navigate successfully hour period, very soundly. Conrad's wife.) home from the moon. A med- Surgeon: "How's your water Conrad: "Hello there. How's ical check indicated b Oth intake?" all the boys (his four sons) spacemen were in excellent Conrad: "Twelve and a half doing?'' condiotion. Cooper was told pounds of water for the com- McDivitt: "She says fine." weather conditions around the mand pilot, 11 pounds 3 ounces Still later in the orbit, the world were good. 36th Orbit-5 :43 p.m. Conrad reported that the temperature gauge in the capsule cabin had failed, but he said a hand-held gauge was wo1·king. Ground Control said the temperature reading made from telemetry data was 74 degrees. During the • orbit, the astronauts photo­ graphed a tropical storm. 37th Orbit-7 :19 p.m. The Ground Control center repo1-ted that the radar set aboard the spacecraft was be­ coming too cold. To warm it up, officials ordered the as­ tron3uts to turn the radar on. The temperature rose from 16 degrees to 26 degrees, which is normal. All other ~ystems aboard the capsule were also operating normally. AdnrllHmltll --- PAGE 136 --- g_lj.1/ ~ ~,r' ~ - 7 ff-7 ~ 2.. "'- 3 t,- ~ ;,h 1'11 --/0 t ' h, --- PAGE 137 --- - -- )) --- PAGE 138 --- --- PAGE 139 --- © ~l ~ ~~~~ ( f ~ ~ t HA-111\.. \I'-; 0-7ol.t, 1 ~r~Co"2.- @ ~ -r: r\- , _ _ _ - - I 1+ ~ ~Lh ~- ~~-1~~~ - r ,-. I---¼ ~ Cr;;;Jz.....__ ,,3 f; LfV1 .s- :h, /v(,J) C:'. - - - - - - -- - - - - - /2, --------- --- PAGE 155 --- ,.. - ~,({_ ---- - ( '2-- -i...o, ~ -- 1 -, ')- -,-- ,- ~_&uv-~-z- ~ _51_.s; ~5'U~(71Cj-le to th,~ 1 l ,' ,;r1 ,t!i•l / Our self . --- PAGE 169 --- • Experimenters a re encouraged to p u b.:'..isl1 experimental -2- results promptly in order to inform the scientific community dS ear ly as possible . II :, il:? f analysi~ of experimental re s ult s 1ith illu s tr ations I here appropr i ate is requir ed to be f urnishe d to the 8 Xper i mcn t co o rdinator within t1-10 reeks followin~ t he mission for the >u:::;tldu ch memorandum prepa r ed by Ma nne d Spa c e_raft Canter . E xperi me nters a re also encouraged t:, coordinate c1 n t1 exchange data amonu t hemsel v s in order' t o enhance to ti1e f ulle s t extent , the sc ienti f ic .;e nefitc o f e d ch mission . It i s i mp ort a nt to th e co nd uct of yo ur ex - eriment that all em ini s ch ed u led dli n s be m t and th t y ou kee p your HSC e x pe ri men t coordinator i n ­ formed on progress of your experiment at all ti mes . We hope that t he plannin g o f your e x~e ri me nt an d the constru ction and integration of your flight hard wa r e will be brought to sati sfa ctory completi on in or der that your experiment , a lon g with those o f t he other expe riment e r . on the attached list , may serv e to make the Gemini scien if ic payload a successful addition t o th e United S t a t es ~p ace P ro gram . S incere ly yours , !lamer E: . ::e;e ll Associ · t e lldrni ni s trat o r f or Spa ce Sc i e nce & llppl ic nt ion ~ Enc losure : List of Appr ov ed Cxperimenters --- PAGE 170 --- c,-T10NAL. f"'OflM NO. 10 - .SOlG-107 _. MAY 1942 EDITION Gs.\ C:EN , R G , NO. .2.1 NITED STATES GOVERNME emorandum TO SM/Manned Space Science DATE: M- C MGS 1352. 2 FROM MG/Deputy Director, Gemini Program SUBJECT: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT-4) Photography The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Fos ter to Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr . Liccardi of my office and Dr. Gill of your office . I believe that this TWX satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the same subject . I do not anticipate ny problems in your office receiving the S - 5 70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary to expedite this matter. William C. Schneider cc : Dr . J . Gill Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan --- PAGE 171 --- NAME OF AG8'1CY PRECEDENCE I I ACTION , INFO., PRIORITY UNCLASSIFIED NASA BEADQUAfm!RB THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICATIONS UNIT TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE OFFICIAL aus ,NESS U.S . GOVERNMENT MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spocing ond oll copitol letters) TH IS COL. FO R AGEN CY USE MR. ROBERT O, PILAND EXPERIMENI'S PROGRAM OFFICE MANNED BPACECRAFr CENI'ER HOUSTON, TEXAS I?iFO TO: DR. PAUL LOWMAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CEN•fi!B, GREENBELT, MARYLAND MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE ET22, MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS Sn IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE TBE APPROPRIATE AUI'HORITIES AT me TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FIIM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH COVERS TBE Sou.rBWESTERN O,S.) TO MB., LEO CHILDS, MSC, FOR 2 TO 3 w 5 2 "'x I- DAYS. MR. CHILOO WILL CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO 0 z • MICROSENSITOMETER. 0 >- FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR THE PURPOSE OF THESE .., w w C) < MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE TRUE RESOLUTION OF THE _S -5 70 mm "'w "' l' PHOTOGRAPHY ON GT-4. WE REFER 'ro A TELEPHONE CONVERSATION BE'lWEEN ...~ w ...0 EMORY HARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LICCARDI, OMSF, LAST NIGHT. z 0 0 WHIU: MAKING THE RESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT P.Rml'S .AND ONE (l.) DUPLICATE NIDATIVE OF SEIECTED FRAMF.S UBING VERY FID-GRAINED MATERIALS WHICH GIVE .AIMOST 1 ~ TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FIIM WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON AREA. PAGE NO. --- PAGE 172 --- lllAME Of AGENCY PRECEDEN CE ACTION : INFO.: a - , -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l TYPE Of MESSAGE Cl AS SI FICA TION ACCOUNTING CLASSlflCA TION SINGLE 0 D BOOK STANDARD FORM I• REV. MARCH 15, 1957 □ MUlTI-AOORESS GSA REGULATION 2- IX-30 1.00 t::-:::-:~=-===:-:-::-:-::------=------------...l......!:::::......:.::.:...:.:.:.:.:.= - - - - -- 1 14-304 THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICAT IONS UNIT TELEGRAPHIC M ESSAGE OFFICIAL BUSINESS U. S. GOVERNMENT MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spoc ing ond oil capitol leffen) AGENCY USE PAGE 'lWO DB. PAUL UMWi PRI?fCIPAL DM'Sl'IGATOR ON TBE B-5 EXPERIMDT HAS Coz«ruRRED :m THESE .ABRA.BGIMEN'l'. IT IS 'URDJ!:RS'l'OOD TBAT MR. LEO CHILDS WILL SAFEGUARD 'l'1IE FILM IN 'l'RAHSIT AND Mr DATA CORPOBATIO • AT DATA CO.RPOBATION THE CONTACTS .Am: MB. WILUAM GOROG, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AID MR. ROBERT BOOBE. WE WILL GREA1'LY APPRmIATE YOOR EXPEDITING OUR OBTAIBI.BG THIS ~ SCIDTIFIC DATA WBICR CAB BB AC UIRID FROM THE S-5 70 mm FIIM. WILLIS B. P'OS'l'ER DIRICTOR MARNED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS cc: Ml/Schneider MJS/Liccardi BM/Colvocores ee PAGE NO . NO. O f P4GES 2 2 NAME AND TITLE Of ORIG INATOR (Typ VII~ VIII photographs * Creative Arts Attn: Mro Tinsley 814 H Street , NoW• Washington,I) D.C. --- PAGE 183 --- ~1) l' C ~ ., From ~ . .. ✓ . NORTHERN ARIZONA SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND ART, INC. r \- 1 flAGSTAfF, ARIZONA P. 0. Box 1389 ti cs &. Space Admih . . Gill \- Jocelyn I O rder No . . ........ .......-·-··-···· -···-··········CLASS MAIL EXPRESS Contents: D Insured D Prepaid D Parcel Post O C ollect POSTMASTER: This parcel may be opened D Book Post D Pieces for postal Inspection if necflJGry. D Printed Matter ~ Value...........- ....... RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED --- PAGE 184 --- lo. 55 8I 9 BELMONT CLASP --- PAGE 185 --- --- PAGE 186 --- •'I > J· R, S'J~ ~A.,C-, --- PAGE 195 --- JV --- PAGE 196 --- . n --- PAGE 197 --- N --- PAGE 198 --- I I J I . rl u.. n ,. i·fZ, fJQ U'l~l 5M N#3A- f--! Q 0, 0 / (r/o.,~ , .. --- PAGE 199 --- --- PAGE 200 --- •l I LI Cl , I II d.(?.~g (:,.. ~ ) ,V) N ~A- H'Y vJ~. J), 0 . --- PAGE 201 --- --- PAGE 202 --- I - ) ~ ~ a. ~ (\..1-t ':J t°' l 1 NA-~ft- Hey \J~. V, 0 , --- PAGE 203 --- --- PAGE 204 --- ti V •I ..... u. --- PAGE 205 --- ,.___ ·( --- PAGE 206 --- ~- 1 - ~ C ~ .YM fv'ft-SA (JQ vJ,:,